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GlossaryB cells

specialized white blood cells that produce antibodies

B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that specifically target and neutralize pathogens like bacteria and viruses. B cells also have a role in memory, allowing the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively if the same pathogen is encountered again.

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TCL1 Transgenic Mouse Model as a Tool for the Study of Therapeutic Targets and Microenvironment in Human B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

research TCL1 transgenic mouse model as a tool for the study of therapeutic targets and microenvironment in human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

38 citations , January 2016 in “Cell Death and Disease”

The TCL1 transgenic mouse model is useful for understanding human B-cell leukemia and testing new treatments.

research The role of B cell-activating factor system in autoimmune diseases: mechanisms, disease implications, and therapeutic advances

4 citations , June 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

BAFF-targeted therapies can reduce autoimmune disease activity, but more research is needed for precise treatments.

Inflammatory Implications In Female Pattern Hair Loss: Unraveling B Cell-Related Immune Activation Through Comparative Transcriptome Profiling

research 0037 Inflammatory implications in female pattern hair loss: unraveling B cell-related immune activation through comparative transcriptome profiling

July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Immune system changes may contribute to female pattern hair loss.

research Complete resolution of alopecia totalis following chemotherapy treatment for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

March 2022 in “Authorea (Authorea)”

Chemotherapy for leukemia led to full hair regrowth in a child with alopecia totalis.

Dual Aspects of B Cells in Tumor Immunity: Positive and Negative Regulation Against B16 Melanoma

research Dual aspects of B cells in tumor immunity; B cells are capable of positive and negative regulation for tumor immunity against B16 melanoma

April 2017 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

B cells can both help and hinder the body's defense against melanoma.

research Aberrant B cell and cytotoxic T cell activation in female pattern hair loss: a pilot comparative clinico-transcriptomic study

December 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Immune system issues may contribute to female pattern hair loss.

research 148 Decreased IL-10 producing regulatory B cells in patients with alopecia areata

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

People with alopecia areata have fewer IL-10 producing immune cells, which might contribute to the condition.

research 1421 Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma–leg type masquerading as a mucocele

April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

An elderly woman's upper lip lump, thought to be a mucocele, was actually a rare type of lymphoma usually found on legs, treated successfully with chemotherapy and radiation.

research B-Raf and C-Raf Are Required for Melanocyte Stem Cell Self-Maintenance

26 citations , September 2012 in “Cell Reports”

B-Raf and C-Raf are essential for maintaining melanocyte stem cells to prevent hair graying.

research Activin B Promotes BMSC-Mediated Cutaneous Wound Healing by Regulating Cell Migration via the JNK—ERK Signaling Pathway

45 citations , April 2013 in “Cell Transplantation”

Activin B improves wound healing and hair growth by helping stem cells move using certain cell signals.

research 520 The protective effects of Apocynin against ultraviolet B-induced cellular senescence in human keratinocytes

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Apocynin may protect skin cells from aging and damage caused by UVB light.

Ultraviolet B Preconditioning Enhances the Hair Growth-Promoting Effects of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Via Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species

research Ultraviolet B Preconditioning Enhances the Hair Growth-Promoting Effects of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Via Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species

41 citations , July 2012 in “Stem Cells and Development”

Low-dose UVB light improves hair growth effects of certain stem cells by increasing reactive oxygen species.

research Extracellular vesicles from adipose-derived stem cells ameliorate ultraviolet B-induced skin photoaging by attenuating reactive oxygen species production and inflammation

90 citations , July 2020 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

Stem cell vesicles can reduce skin aging from UVB by lowering inflammation and oxidative stress.

research Ginkgolide B and bilobalide promote the growth and increase β‐catenin expression in hair follicle dermal papilla cells of American minks

12 citations , September 2019 in “BioFactors”

Ginkgolide B and bilobalide help mink hair grow by making skin cells healthier and boosting a key growth protein.

research HLA‐B alleles associated with frontal fibrosing alopecia in Brazil may share similar peptide presentation and T‐cell interaction profiles

1 citations , February 2024 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Certain genetic factors may contribute to frontal fibrosing alopecia in Brazil.

Resolution of Advanced Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Cemiplimab Immunotherapy, IFNα-2b, and Retinoic Acid Treatment Over 2 Years of Follow-Up

research Resolution of advanced conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma with cemiplimab immunotherapy, IFNα-2b, and retinoic acid treatment over 2 years of follow-up

April 2024 in “Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology”

A woman with advanced eye cancer went into complete remission using a combination of immunotherapy and topical treatments.

research Canine Sertoli cell tumor: anti-Müllerian hormone, inhibin B, and estrone sulphate

April 2023 in “Clinical theriogenology”

The dog's skin condition improved after removing a tumor that was causing hormone imbalances.

research Follicular mycosis fungoides mimicking a cutaneous B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder

14 citations , July 2004 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology”

Follicular mycosis fungoides can look like a B-cell lymphoma, making diagnosis difficult.

research Decreased CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Regulatory B Cells in Alopecia Areata

5 citations , February 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Alopecia areata patients have fewer protective regulatory B cells, which may contribute to the disease.

research Changing incidence trends of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma

May 2014 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

The number of new cases of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma has leveled off since the early 2000s, and survival rates have improved since 1973.

research Activin B Stimulates Mouse Vibrissae Growth and Regulates Cell Proliferation and Cell Cycle Progression of Hair Matrix Cells through ERK Signaling

23 citations , February 2019 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Activin B can boost hair growth by promoting cell proliferation and cell cycle progression.

Double-Stranded RNA Induces Inflammation via the NF-κB Pathway and Inflammasome Activation in the Outer Root Sheath Cells of Hair Follicles

research Double-stranded RNA induces inflammation via the NF-κB pathway and inflammasome activation in the outer root sheath cells of hair follicles

22 citations , March 2017 in “Scientific reports”

Double-stranded RNA causes inflammation in hair follicle cells, which may help understand and treat alopecia areata.

research 583 Induction of type 17 collagen decreases ultraviolet b-induced cellular senescence in human htert/ker-ct keratinocytes

July 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Increasing type 17 collagen reduces aging signs in skin cells caused by UV light.

research Abstract 2469: Increased cathepsin B expression in cultured tuberous sclerosis skin tumor cells and patient tumor tissues

April 2012

Skin tumor cells in patients with tuberous sclerosis have higher levels of a protein called cathepsin B.

research Identification of ultraviolet B radiation-induced microRNAs in normal human dermal papilla cells

18 citations , July 2014 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

UVB radiation changes the levels of certain microRNAs in skin cells, which may affect cell survival and hair growth.

research Repigmentation by combined narrow‑band ultraviolet B/adipose‑derived stem cell transplantation in the mouse model: Role of Nrf2/HO‑1‑mediated Ca²⁺ homeostasis

4 citations , November 2021 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

Combining narrow-band ultraviolet B light and stem cell transplantation helps repigmentation in vitiligo by maintaining calcium balance in mice.

research B-219 Apoptotic effect and cell cycle arrest by Juniperus communis extract on oral cancer

October 2025 in “Clinical Chemistry”

Juniperus communis extract enhances the effectiveness of oral cancer treatment when combined with chemotherapy.

Methotrexate-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorder: Sequential Development of Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma-Like Lymphoproliferation in the Lymph Nodes and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the Skin in the Same Patient

research Methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder: Sequential development of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma-like lymphoproliferation in the lymph nodes and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the skin in the same patient

6 citations , July 2015 in “European Journal of Dermatology”

Stopping methotrexate might reverse lymphoma-like conditions in some patients.

Receptor Activator of NF-κB Stimulates the Proliferation of Epithelial Cells of the Epidermo-Pilosebaceous Unit

research Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) stimulates the proliferation of epithelial cells of the epidermo-pilosebaceous unit

60 citations , March 2011 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America”

RANK-RANKL signaling is essential for hair growth and skin health.

Gynostemma Pentaphyllum Hydrodistillate and Its Major Component Damulin B Promote Hair Growth via the Wnt/Beta-Catenin Pathway

research Gynostemma pentaphyllum Hydrodistillate and Its Major Component Damulin B Promote Hair Growth-Inducing Properties In Vivo and In Vitro via the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Dermal Papilla Cells

March 2024 in “Nutrients”

Gynostemma pentaphyllum and its component damulin B could help hair grow by activating certain cell pathways.