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GlossaryConfocal Microscopy

uses laser light to create detailed, three-dimensional images

Confocal Microscopy, also known as Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), is an advanced imaging technique that uses laser light to scan samples and create high-resolution, three-dimensional images. By focusing on a specific plane within the sample and excluding out-of-focus light, it provides clearer and more detailed images than traditional microscopy, making it particularly useful for studying complex structures like hair follicles and skin tissues in both research and medical diagnostics.

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Investigation of the Cutaneous Penetration Behavior of Dexamethasone Loaded to Nano-Sized Lipid Particles by EPR Spectroscopy, and Confocal Raman and Laser Scanning Microscopy

research Investigation of the cutaneous penetration behavior of dexamethasone loaded to nano-sized lipid particles by EPR spectroscopy, and confocal Raman and laser scanning microscopy

21 citations , December 2016 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics”

Nano-sized lipid particles increase dexamethasone's skin penetration and create a reservoir in the skin layers.

research Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy as a Tool for the Investigation of Skin Drug Delivery Systems and Diagnosis of Skin Disorders

4 citations , March 2013 in “InTech eBooks”

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) is a useful tool for studying how drugs interact with skin and diagnosing skin disorders, despite some limitations.

research Characterization and quantification of wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis using in vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy

26 citations , April 2011 in “Skin Research and Technology”

In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy is an effective, non-invasive way to study and measure new hair growth after skin injury in mice.

research Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy: An Excellent Tool for Tracking Compounds in the Skin

5 citations , November 2005

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy is effective for tracking compounds in the skin.

research Evaluation of Skin Penetration of Fluorescent Dissolved Formulations Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

2 citations , November 2025 in “Pharmaceutics”

Moderately lipophilic dyes penetrate skin deeply, while highly hydrophobic or lipophilic dyes stay on the surface.

research Development and Skin Penetration Pathway Evaluation Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Microemulsions for Dermal Delivery Enhancement of Finasteride

1 citations , December 2022 in “Pharmaceutics”

Finasteride-loaded microemulsions can effectively enhance skin delivery for treating hair loss.

research Investigations on the penetration of hydrolyzed wheat proteins into human hair by confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscopy

11 citations , January 2000 in “Journal of cosmetic science”

Hydrolyzed wheat proteins penetrate all hair types effectively.

research Cosmetic assessment of the human hair by confocal microscopy

25 citations , March 2002 in “Scanning”

Confocal microscopy is better than scanning electron microscopy for studying hair in its natural state and understanding hair products' effects.

research Use of confocal microscopy for nanoparticle drug delivery through skin

57 citations , December 2012 in “Journal of Biomedical Optics”

Confocal microscopy is useful for studying how nanoparticles interact with skin.

research Hair microscopy: an easy adjunct to diagnosis of systemic diseases in children

3 citations , November 2021 in “Applied Microscopy”

Hair microscopy is a simple and cost-effective method to help diagnose systemic diseases in children.

research Skin toxicity determined in vitro by three-dimensional, native-state histoculture.

54 citations , March 1991 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences”

This model can replace animal testing for quick, cost-effective skin toxicity tests.

research Targeted photosensitizer delivery: A prospective approach to vitiligo photochemotherapy

9 citations , May 2019 in “Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii”

The method could improve vitiligo treatment by effectively delivering therapy to hair follicles.

research Mechanistic study of decreased skin penetration using a combination of sonophoresis with sodium fluorescein-loaded PEGylated liposomes with D-limonene

2 citations , December 2015 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)”

Sonophoresis reduces skin absorption of sodium fluorescein in certain liposomes.

Lifting the Biofilm Lid on the Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Effects of Sodium Hypochlorite Against Staphylococcus Aureus in Atopic Dermatitis

research Lifting the biofilm lid on the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of sodium hypochlorite against Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis

1 citations , August 2017 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Sodium hypochlorite can effectively prevent and remove Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in atopic dermatitis at high enough concentrations.

research Abstract 151

April 2015 in “Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery”

Activating TLR3 helps improve skin and hair follicle regeneration after wounds.

research Follicular transport route – Research progress and future perspectives

211 citations , February 2009 in “European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics”

Hair follicles help absorb and store topical compounds, aiding targeted drug delivery.

research Diagnostic Modalities in Trichology - An Update

January 2015 in “Hair therapy & transplantation”

New hair and scalp disease diagnosis methods are important for correct treatment.

research Polymeric Micelle Nanocarriers for the Cutaneous Delivery of Tacrolimus: A Targeted Approach for the Treatment of Psoriasis

159 citations , July 2014 in “Molecular pharmaceutics”

New micelle nanocarriers deliver Tacrolimus more effectively to skin layers for psoriasis treatment than the current Protopic ointment.

research Dendritic polyglycerol and N-isopropylacrylamide based thermoresponsive nanogels as smart carriers for controlled delivery of drugs through the hair follicle

62 citations , November 2016 in “Nanoscale”

Medium to larger nanogels effectively deliver drugs through hair follicles when heated.

Penetration and Distribution of Three Lipophilic Probes in Human Skin Focusing on the Hair Follicle

research Penetration and distribution of three lipophilic probes in vitro in human skin focusing on the hair follicle

54 citations , October 2002 in “Journal of controlled release”

Medium lipophilic substances penetrate skin best, and adding ethanol can increase delivery to hair follicles.

research Selective delivery of adapalene to the human hair follicle under finite dose conditions using polymeric micelle nanocarriers

50 citations , December 2017 in “Nanoscale”

Polymeric micelle nanocarriers deliver adapalene more effectively to hair follicles than commercial products.

research Effect of liposomal fluidity on skin permeation of sodium fluorescein entrapped in liposomes

21 citations , July 2015 in “International Journal of Nanomedicine”

Increased liposome fluidity boosts skin penetration of sodium fluorescein.

research Gradient-dependent release of the model drug TRITC-dextran from FITC-labeled BSA hydrogel nanocarriers in the hair follicles of porcine ear skin

18 citations , October 2016 in “European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics”

The drug was successfully released into hair follicles using nanocarriers.

Mechanistic Analysis of Human Skin Distribution and Follicular Targeting of Adapalene-Loaded Biodegradable Nanospheres With Insight Into Hydrogel Matrix Influence, In Vitro Skin Irritation, and In Vivo Tolerability

research Mechanistic Analysis of Human Skin Distribution and Follicular Targeting of Adapalene-Loaded Biodegradable Nanospheres With an Insight Into Hydrogel Matrix Influence, In Vitro Skin Irritation, and In Vivo Tolerability

17 citations , June 2017 in “Journal of pharmaceutical sciences”

Researchers developed a nanomedicine for acne treatment that delivers medication with less irritation and is non-irritating for oily skin.

research Determination of the pH Gradient in Hair Follicles of Human Volunteers Using pH-Sensitive Melamine Formaldehyde-Pyranine Nile Blue Microparticles

13 citations , September 2020 in “Sensors”

Hair follicles have a pH gradient, increasing towards the root.

research Methodologies to Evaluate the Hair Follicle-Targeted Drug Delivery Provided by Nanoparticles

4 citations , July 2023 in “Pharmaceutics (Basel)”

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery to hair follicles is more effective when tested under conditions that match skin behavior.

The Impact of Particle Size of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers on Follicular Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Analysis of Mouse and Human Hair Follicle Penetration

research The impact of particle size of nanostructured lipid carriers on follicular drug delivery: A comprehensive analysis of mouse and human hair follicle penetration

March 2024 in “Bioimpacts”

400 nm particles penetrate hair follicles best, but mouse models aren't fully reliable for human studies.

Skin Targeting of an Optimized Caffeine Nanostructured Lipid Carrier with Improved Efficiency Against Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia

research SKIN TARGETING OF AN OPTIMIZED CAFFEINE NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIER WITH IMPROVED EFFICIENCY AGAINST CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED ALOPECIA

July 2022 in “International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics”

The optimized caffeine formula improved hair growth and penetrated all skin layers.

research Skin Targeting of An Optimized Caffeine Nanostructured Lipid Carrier With Improved Efficiency Against Chemotherapy Induced Alopecia

November 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

The new caffeine cream works better for hair growth than existing products.

research Follicular delivery of spironolactone via nanostructured lipid carriers for management of alopecia

November 2014 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)”

Nanostructured lipid carriers can effectively deliver spironolactone to hair follicles for treating hair loss.