26 citations
,
August 2007 in “Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger” Feathers become harder as they develop due to a change in keratin type.
21 citations
,
June 2003 in “Journal of Morphology” Monotreme and marsupial skin proteins show primitive features and species-specific differences compared to placental mammals.
4 citations
,
June 2023 in “Journal of developmental biology” The skin systems of jawed vertebrates evolved diverse appendages like hair and scales from a common structure over 420 million years ago.
March 2024 in “Tissue and cell/Tissue & cell” Telomerase-positive cells are mainly in the bulb matrix and outer root sheath of hair follicles.
86 citations
,
April 2009 in “Journal of anatomy” Hard skin features like scales, feathers, and hair evolved through specific protein changes in different animal groups.
3 citations
,
March 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Keratin protein production in cells is controlled by a complex system that changes with cell type, health, and conditions like injury or cancer.
3 citations
,
August 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Induced pluripotent stem cells are a major breakthrough in regenerative medicine.
72 citations
,
August 2014 in “Genome Biology and Evolution” Feather diversity is due to different keratin gene combinations, and chickens can help study human keratin diseases.
12 citations
,
April 2023 in “Pharmaceutics” Semifluorinated alkanes are promising for delivering drugs in various medical applications.
73 citations
,
January 2016 in “International review of cell and molecular biology” Cornification evolved from keratinization in vertebrates, with differences between mammals and sauropsids.
January 2009 in “Journal of Zhengzhou University” LAIC cream can improve acne by making skin thinner and softer.
CDPDFM can improve acne symptoms in rabbit ears.
53 citations
,
September 1999 in “Journal of Synchrotron Radiation” Keratinous tissues have multiple structural layers, including ordered keratin and lipid granules.
Cornification is the process where living skin cells die to create a protective barrier, and problems with it can cause skin diseases.
January 2017 in “대한미용학회지” The cuticle layer in hair follicles thickens during keratinization due to incomplete cytosol loss.
7 citations
,
May 2024 in “Tissue Barriers” The skin's outer layer relies on lipids and proteins to protect against damage.
December 2010 in “HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)” The cornea develops independently of the lens, following its own default pathway.
44 citations
,
March 2019 in “Experimental Dermatology” A wide range of proteins are integrated into the skin's protective layer.
44 citations
,
May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica” Keratinization in embryos helped vertebrates adapt to land by forming a protective skin barrier.
375 citations
,
June 2013 in “Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research” Cornification is how skin cells die to form the protective outer layer of skin, hair, and nails.
11 citations
,
January 1981 in “Cells Tissues Organs” Human hair cuticle has five cell layers with specific junctions and granules.
February 2019 in “American International Journal of Humanities Arts and Social Sciences” The dermis of Millivora Capenesis has two layers with various connective tissues, blood vessels, glands, and sensory structures.
November 2012 in “Transplantation” Large corneum layer cells can cover wounds effectively.
130 citations
,
February 2005 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” Corneal cells can transform into skin and hair cells through specific signals.
9 citations
,
January 1990 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” The method and source of keratinocytes affect the structure of reconstructed skin.
3 citations
,
September 2005 in “Experimental dermatology” The cornified envelope is crucial for skin's barrier function and involves key proteins and genetic factors.
April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” The keratin network in mouse skin changes during cornification and affects the skin's protective barrier.
425 citations
,
August 2002 in “BioEssays” The cornified cell envelope forms a protective barrier in skin and hair, using specific proteins and lipids to maintain effectiveness.
36 citations
,
December 2004 in “British Journal of Dermatology” The cyst had unusual keratin spherules and resembled bone marrow.
December 2025 in “Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology” Understanding embryologic layers improves skin disorder diagnosis and supports developing targeted therapies.