66 citations
,
October 2013 in “Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity” The conclusion is that published guidelines are improving transgender medical care, but more research and education in transgender medicine are needed.
May 2013 in “UTUPub (University of Turku)” Including androgens in hormone therapy may lower breast cancer risk.
September 2023 in “Fides et Ratio” The safety and effectiveness of gender-affirming treatments for children are uncertain, with potential long-term risks like infertility.
130 citations
,
September 1990 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Flutamide effectively reduced excessive hair growth and improved related symptoms in hirsutism patients without significant side effects.
Cyproterone acetate is an effective treatment for women with acne, hair loss, and excessive hair growth.
April 2020 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A woman's high testosterone and related symptoms were caused by overactive cells in her ovaries.
3 citations
,
April 1977 in “PubMed” The treatment improved acne, seborrhoea, and hirsutism, with some side effects like spotting and nervousness.
59 citations
,
August 2004 in “Human Reproduction Update” Testosterone replacement can help women with low libido and mood, but they need to have enough estrogen first to avoid side effects.
1 citations
,
August 2024 in “Indian Dermatology Online Journal” Testosterone therapy significantly improved Hidradenitis Suppurativa symptoms.
38 citations
,
May 1971 in “Clinical genetics” A specific metabolite, not a receptor protein, triggers the production of certain kidney enzymes, but this process is disrupted in mice with a mutation causing testicular feminization.
April 2026 in “Dermatology and Therapy” Personalized hair loss treatments are needed for transgender individuals, but more research is required.
September 2024 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Many transgender men on testosterone therapy experience hair loss.
January 2024 in “JEADV clinical practice” Gender-affirming dermatology treatments generally improve mental well-being for transgender individuals, but more research is needed.
8 citations
,
February 2009 in “Current Women's Health Reviews” Testosterone treatment can improve sexual function and bone density in women but may have adverse effects and requires more research on safety and guidelines.
January 2024 in “Medicina” Proper planning and technique in upper-face feminization surgery are crucial to avoid complications and revisions.
7 citations
,
May 1977 in “Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift/Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift” Antiandrogen treatments can help with various women's health issues but often require ongoing use.
26 citations
,
December 2020 in “Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine” Testosterone and DHEA can benefit women's health but must be prescribed carefully due to potential risks.
29 citations
,
May 2013 in “Andrologia” Cross-sex hormone treatment in transsexual individuals helps understand how sex hormones affect diseases like heart disease and diabetes.
1 citations
,
September 2012 in “Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism” Androgen replacement therapy can improve libido and mood in women with severe androgen deficiency, but more research is needed on its long-term safety.
Antiandrogens and finasteride may help treat excess hair and hair loss in women.
March 2024 in “The journal of sexual medicine” The therapies improved ejaculation disorders and sexual function in middle-aged men.
67 citations
,
March 2018 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Oral contraceptives and antiandrogens are effective for treating hirsutism, with antiandrogens being the most effective.
9 citations
,
November 2014 in “Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism” A 15-year-old girl with rare reproductive disorders received hormone therapy to develop secondary sexual traits, but infertility persisted.
40 citations
,
January 2003 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” Finasteride effectively reduces hair growth in women with polycystic ovary syndrome or idiopathic hirsutism.
5 citations
,
January 2023 in “Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism” The statement offers guidance for hormone therapy and surgery to help gender-incongruent adults affirm a male identity.
23 citations
,
April 1999 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” All treatments reduce hair growth; low dose flutamide most effective with fewer side effects.
11 citations
,
February 2008 in “British journal of nursing” Idiopathic hirsutism causes excessive hair growth in women, can be treated with medication and hair removal, but cannot be fully reversed.
16 citations
,
June 2022 in “Transgender Health” Oocyte retrieval is possible for transgender men on testosterone therapy without affecting fertility outcomes.
4 citations
,
August 2025 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” Hormone replacement therapy can improve menopausal skin quality, but it's not recommended just for skin due to limited evidence.
2 citations
,
March 2004 in “Reviews in Gynaecological Practice” Hormonal changes and psychological issues can cause sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. Behavioral therapy is recommended first, with hormone replacement helping some symptoms but not libido. Testosterone can improve libido, but its effects on overall sexual function are unclear. Emotional and relationship issues should be addressed before using medication, and the benefits and risks of testosterone supplementation should be considered.