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GlossaryG2 phase

part of cell cycle ensuring DNA is ready for division

The G2 phase is a part of the cell cycle that occurs after DNA replication (S phase) and before cell division (mitosis). During this phase, the cell checks for DNA damage and ensures all the genetic material has been accurately replicated, while also producing proteins and organelles needed for cell division. This phase is crucial for maintaining genetic stability and preparing the cell for successful division.

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research 12-Chloracetyl-PPD, a novel dammarane derivative, shows anti-cancer activity via delay the progression of cell cycle G2/M phase and reactive oxygen species-mediate cell apoptosis

18 citations , December 2016 in “European journal of pharmacology”

A new compound slows cancer cell growth and causes cell death by blocking cell cycle progression and increasing cell-damaging molecules.

research G2 stem cells orchestrate time-directed, long-range coordination of calcium signaling during skin epidermal regeneration

4 citations , October 2021 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

G2 stem cells control calcium signaling for skin regeneration.

research Implication of microRNA regulation in para-phenylenediamine-induced cell death and senescence in normal human hair dermal papilla cells

8 citations , March 2015 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

Hair dye ingredient PPD causes cell death and aging in human hair cells by altering microRNA levels.

research The local hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in cultured human dermal papilla cells

9 citations , June 2020 in “BMC Molecular and Cell Biology”

Stress hormone CRF can cause hair loss by affecting hair growth cells and hormones.

research Myristoleic Acid Promotes Anagen Signaling by Autophagy through Activating Wnt/β-Catenin and ERK Pathways in Dermal Papilla Cells

8 citations , February 2021 in “Biomolecules & therapeutics”

Myristoleic acid helps hair growth by boosting cell growth and recycling processes in hair follicle cells.

research Exploring the Role of Uc-Msc-Derived Exosomes in Boosting Hhdpcs Proliferation for Hair Growth Via Akt Activation

January 2024

UC-MSC-derived exosomes may help treat hair loss by promoting hair cell growth through AKT activation.

research The local hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in cultured human dermal papilla cells

January 2020 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Stress hormone CRF causes hair loss and stops hair cell growth.

research Effects of some medicinal plant extracts on dermal papilla cells

June 2022 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

Acanthus ebracteatus extract may help prevent hair loss.

research In Vitro and In Vivo Models for the Development of Hair Growth Materials By Regulating the β-Catenin Signaling Pathways

February 2024 in “Journal of medicinal food”

The research found a way to develop hair growth materials by targeting a specific signaling pathway.

research The local hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in cultured human dermal papilla cells

May 2020 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

Stress hormone CRF causes hair loss and inhibits hair growth in human cells.

research Decision letter: Intercellular propagation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation revealed by in vivo imaging of mouse skin

December 2014

ERK activation spreads between cells in mouse skin, linked to cell division and influenced by TPA and EGF receptors.

research HX109 Herbal Extract Promotes Hair Growth by Regulating Cell Cycle in Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells

March 2023 in “Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology”

HX109 herbal extract helps hair grow by boosting cell growth and reducing cell death.

research Downregulation of Sonic hedgehog signaling induces G2‐arrest in genital warts

4 citations , December 2022 in “Skin Research and Technology”

Reduced Sonic hedgehog signaling leads to increased HPV replication and wart formation.

research Cell cycle controls long-range calcium signaling in the regenerating epidermis

22 citations , April 2023 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Calcium signaling in skin cells is crucial for communication and regeneration.

research Epidermal Growth Factor Induces Proliferation of Hair Follicle-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mediated Activation of ERK and AKT Signaling Pathways Associated with Upregulation of Cyclin D1 and Downregulation of p16

83 citations , October 2016 in “Stem Cells and Development”

Epidermal growth factor helps hair stem cells grow by activating specific cell pathways.

research Effect of adipose-derived stem cell-conditioned medium on the proliferation and migration of B16 melanoma cells

23 citations , June 2015 in “Oncology Letters”

Adipose-derived stem cell-conditioned medium can reduce melanoma cell growth and spread.

research Anticancer Effects of Cepharanthine: an Updated Minireview

April 2026 in “Journal of Cancer”

Cepharanthine shows promise as a natural anticancer treatment.

Effect of Fermented Mackerel Oil on Hair Growth

research 290 Effect of fermented mackerel oil on the hair growth

September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Fermented mackerel oil was found to promote hair growth by activating certain cell signals and increasing cell growth.

research Raw western blot scans.

April 2025 in “OPAL (Open@LaTrobe) (La Trobe University)”

Human umbilical cord stem cell exosomes may help treat hair loss by promoting hair cell growth.

research Identification of Telogen Markers Underscores that Telogen Is Far from a Quiescent Hair Cycle Phase

21 citations , November 2011 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Telogen is an active phase with important biological processes, not a resting phase.

Oral Spermidine Supplementation Prolongs Hair Follicle Anagen Phase with Sustained Effects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

research Oral Spermidine Supplementation Prolongs Hair Follicle Anagen Phase with Sustained Effects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

January 2025 in “MEDS Public Health and Preventive Medicine”

Spermidine supplements can help extend the hair growth phase and may be useful for treating hair loss.

Palladium Nanoparticles on a Pyridinium Supported Ionic Liquid Phase: A Recyclable and Low-Leaching Palladium Catalyst for Aminocarbonylation Reactions

research Palladium nanoparticles on a pyridinium supported ionic liquid phase: a recyclable and low-leaching palladium catalyst for aminocarbonylation reactions

15 citations , January 2020 in “RSC advances”

The new palladium catalyst is effective and reusable for making pharmaceutical ingredients.

research High-resolution mass spectrometric investigation of the phase I and II metabolites of finasteride in pig plasma, urine and bile

2 citations , December 2013 in “Xenobiotica”

Finasteride metabolites found in pigs match human studies, making pigs a valid model for human drug research.

Retracted Article: Pumpkin Seeds (Cucurbita Pepo Subsp. Ovifera) Decoction Promotes Trichinella Spiralis Expulsion During Intestinal Phase Via 'Weep and Sweep' Mechanism

research RETRACTED ARTICLE: Pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo subsp. ovifera) decoction promotes Trichinella spiralis expulsion during intestinal phase via “Weep and Sweep” mechanism

4 citations , January 2024 in “Scientific Reports”

Pumpkin seeds may help expel parasites, but findings are retracted.

research Hair cycle control by leptin as a new anagen inducer

41 citations , November 2013 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Leptin, a hormone, is important for starting hair growth.

research A newly discovered linkage between proteoglycans and hair biology: decorin acts as an anagen inducer

10 citations , June 2014 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Decorin, a protein, may help start hair growth and could be used to treat hair loss.

research Cell Cycle Regulation and Regeneration

27 citations , January 2012 in “Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology”

Mice that can regenerate tissue have cells that pause in the cell cycle, which is important for healing, similar to axolotls.

research Generation of trichogenic adipose-derived stem cells by expression of three factors

12 citations , August 2018 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

Scientists made stem cells that can grow hair by adding three specific factors to them.

research Re-Evaluating Cyclosporine A as a Hair Growth–Promoting Agent in Human Scalp Hair Follicles

29 citations , March 2015 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Cyclosporine A promotes hair growth and prolongs the active growth phase in human hair follicles, but may work differently than in rodents.

Topical Application of Polygonum Multiflorum Extract Induces Hair Growth of Resting Hair Follicles Through Upregulating Shh and β-Catenin Expression in C57BL/6 Mice

research Topical application of Polygonum multiflorum extract induces hair growth of resting hair follicles through upregulating Shh and β-catenin expression in C57BL/6 mice

91 citations , April 2011 in “Journal of Ethnopharmacology”

Polygonum multiflorum extract helps grow hair by activating certain hair growth signals in mice.