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GlossaryHomocysteine

amino acid linked to cardiovascular risk and hair health

Homocysteine is an amino acid produced in the body during the metabolism of methionine, an essential amino acid found in many proteins. Elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood can be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and are also associated with conditions like alopecia, as high levels can damage blood vessels and affect hair follicle health.

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research Tyrosinase inhibition due to interaction of homocyst(e)ine with copper: the mechanism for reversible hypopigmentation in homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency.

74 citations , July 1995 in “PubMed”

Lowering homocyst(e)ine levels can reverse skin and hair lightening by restoring enzyme activity needed for pigmentation.

research Enzyme Replacement Therapy Ameliorates Multiple Symptoms of Murine Homocystinuria

29 citations , December 2017 in “Molecular therapy”

Enzyme replacement therapy improved multiple symptoms of homocystinuria in mice.

research Serum holotranscobalamine, vitamin B12, folic acid and homocysteine levels in alopecia areata patients

13 citations , May 2012 in “Cutaneous and ocular toxicology”

Alopecia areata is not linked to vitamin B12 deficiency.

research Homozygous whole body Cbs knockout in adult mice features minimal pathology during ageing despite severe homocysteinemia

7 citations , March 2022 in “The FASEB journal”

Adult mice with CBS deficiency show minimal health issues and normal lifespan despite high homocysteine levels.

research Mutations in Homocysteine Metabolism Genes Increase Keratin N-Homocysteinylation and Damage in Mice

5 citations , September 2018 in “International journal of genomics”

Genetic mutations that disrupt homocysteine breakdown lead to increased damage in mouse hair keratin.

research Evaluation of Serum Homocysteine Levels in Patients with Cutaneous-Oral Lichen Planus and Psoriasis Patients

3 citations , September 2017 in “Galen medical journal”

Patients with psoriasis and cutaneous-oral lichen planus have higher blood homocysteine levels than healthy people.

research THE IMPACT OF HOMOCYSTEINE IN LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: A LINK OF INFLAMMATION, SKIN AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK

June 2025 in “Academic Medical Journal”

High homocysteine levels in lupus may increase inflammation and cardiovascular risk.

research Homocysteine in androgenetic alopecia: A case control study and observational experiments on mice

June 2024 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

Higher homocysteine levels may inhibit hair growth and are linked to androgenetic alopecia.

research Comparison of Homocystiene Level in Patients with and without Androgenetic Alopecia

July 2018 in “Benha Journal of Applied Sciences”

Higher homocysteine levels may predict hair loss severity.

research MTHFR C677T Polymorphism and Serum Homocysteine Level as Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Disease in Patients with Androgenetic Alopecia: A Case Control Study

June 2021 in “The American Journal of the Medical Sciences”

Androgenetic alopecia is linked to a higher risk of coronary heart disease due to certain genetic factors and high homocysteine levels.

research Evaluation of Serum Homocysteine, High-Sensitivity CRP, and RBC Folate in Patients with Alopecia Areata

18 citations , October 2014 in “Indian Journal of Dermatology”

Patients with alopecia areata have lower RBC folate levels, especially in severe cases.

research TTNPB Promotes Human Pluripotent Stem Cell‐to‐Neural Stem Cell Transition via Modulation of Chromatin Accessibility and the S‐(5′‐adenosyl)‐L‐homocysteine/Choline Metabolic Network

February 2026 in “Advanced Science”

TTNPB helps turn stem cells into neural stem cells, improving depression-like behaviors in rats.

Cystathionine Beta-Synthase-Deficient Mice Thrive on a Low-Methionine Diet

research Cystathionine β‐synthase‐deficient mice thrive on a low‐methionine diet

28 citations , November 2013 in “The FASEB journal”

Mice with CBS deficiency are healthier on a low-methionine diet.

The Effect of Dietary Modulation of Sulfur Amino Acids on Cystathionine Beta Synthase–Deficient Mice

research The effect of dietary modulation of sulfur amino acids on cystathionine β synthase–deficient mice

14 citations , November 2015 in “Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences”

Changing the diet of mice lacking the enzyme CBS can affect symptoms related to the genetic condition.

research Morphologische und biochemische untersuchungen am Haar bei gestörtem Aminosäurestoffwechsel

4 citations , January 1976 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Metabolic disorders can cause hair structure defects and growth issues, but amino acid levels in hair remain normal.

research The Rotterdam Study: 2012 objectives and design update

247 citations , August 2011 in “European Journal of Epidemiology”

The Rotterdam Study updated its design and objectives in 2012, providing insights into various diseases in the elderly, including skin cancer, bone health, liver disease, neurological and psychiatric conditions, and respiratory issues.

research Evaluation of cardiac risk marker levels in obese and non-obese patients with polycystic ovaries

21 citations , July 2016 in “Gynecological Endocrinology”

Obese and non-obese women with PCOS have higher heart risk markers, especially if they are obese.

research Betaine supplementation is less effective than methionine restriction in correcting phenotypes of CBS deficient mice

19 citations , July 2015 in “Journal of inherited metabolic disease”

Methionine restriction works better than betaine for treating CBS deficiency symptoms in mice.

research Hair Amino Acids: Normal Values and Results in Metabolic Errors

15 citations , October 1970 in “Archives of disease in childhood”

Hair amino acid levels can indicate metabolic disorders.

research Demethylation of methionine and keratin damage in human hair

11 citations , February 2018 in “Amino acids”

Copper and iron cause keratin damage in hair by converting methionine to homocysteine.

research Cardiovascular risk markers and thyroid status in young Indian women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A case-control study

5 citations , April 2014 in “Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research”

Young Indian women with PCOS have a higher risk of heart disease, not linked to thyroid function but to higher levels of certain fats and homocysteine.

research Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Atorvastatin-Treated Women with Euthyroid Autoimmune Thyroiditis

4 citations , January 2023 in “Pharmacology”

Atorvastatin is less effective for women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

research Impact of lisinopril on cardiometabolic risk factors in men with hypertension and early-onset androgenetic alopecia

2 citations , July 2021 in “Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology”

Lisinopril improves heart health more in men with normal hair than those with early hair loss.

research Delaying treatment in male-pattern hair loss affects the therapeutic response

2 citations , July 2010 in “Clinical and Experimental Dermatology”

Delaying hair loss treatment reduces its effectiveness.

research Clinical characteristics and factors associated with different BASP subtypes of androgenetic alopecia

May 2026 in “Frontiers in Medicine”

Androgenetic alopecia is linked to factors like age, family hair loss history, diet, and health conditions.

The Relationship Between Depression Levels and Suicide Risk in Pediatric Patients With Alopecia Areata and the Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance

research The Relationship Between Depression Levels and Suicide Risk in Pediatric Patients with Alopecia Areata and the Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance

September 2025 in “Turkish Journal of Dermatology”

Oxidative stress may play a role in alopecia areata, but depression and suicide risk are similar to healthy peers.

Demographic Findings of Patients Diagnosed with Pernio and Comparison of Their Vitamin B12, Folate, and Ferritin Levels with a Control Group

research Demographic findings of patients diagnosed with pernio and comparison of their vitamin B12, folate and ferritin levels with a control group

October 2019 in “Turkderm”

Patients with pernio have lower vitamin B12 and ferritin levels than healthy people.

Red Blood Cell Folate Level in Patients with Alopecia Areata

research Red Blood Cells Folate Level in Patients with Alopecia Areata

June 2017 in “Journal of clinical and investigative dermatology”

Red blood cell folate levels are reliable indicators of long-term folate status in alopecia areata patients.

Early Onset Androgenic Alopecia as the Male Phenotypic Equivalent of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Is Associated with High Oxidative Stress

research Early onset androgenic alopecia as the male phenotypic equivalent of polycystic ovarian syndrome is associated in high oxidative stress

January 2021 in “Medicine Science | International Medical Journal”

Men with early hair loss may have higher health risks similar to women with PCOS.

research Prace poglądowe Folate supplementation in patients with psoriasis treated with methotrexate – effect on safety and efficacy

January 2014 in “Dermatology Review”

Folate may reduce methotrexate side effects in psoriasis patients, but its impact on effectiveness is unclear.