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GlossaryHypothalamus

small brain region regulating hormones and homeostasis

The hypothalamus is a small but crucial part of the brain located just below the thalamus. It plays a key role in regulating various bodily functions, including temperature control, hunger, thirst, sleep, and emotional activity. It also links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, thereby influencing hormone release and maintaining homeostasis.

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research Sex differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis’ response to stress: an important role for gonadal hormones

197 citations , January 2019 in “Neuropsychopharmacology”

Male and female bodies respond differently to stress, influenced by hormones and development stages, with implications for stress-related diseases.

research Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis Hormones Stimulate Mitochondrial Function and Biogenesis in Human Hair Follicles

95 citations , August 2013 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

HPT axis hormones boost mitochondrial function and growth in hair follicles, potentially aiding hair health.

research Physiology of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis in the Male

70 citations , March 2016 in “Urologic Clinics of North America”

The document explains how the male reproductive system works, its role in making testosterone, and how conditions like obesity can disrupt it, leading to low testosterone and fertility issues.

research Food Deprivation-induced Expression of Minoxidil Sulfotransferase in the Hypothalamus Uncovered by Microarray Analysis

36 citations , March 2002 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

Food deprivation increases MST enzyme in the brain, possibly affecting energy balance.

Estrogen-Dependent Development of Sex Differences in Somatostatin Neurons of the Hypothalamic Periventricular Nucleus

research Estrogen-Dependent Ontogeny of Sex Differences in Somatostatin Neurons of the Hypothalamic Periventricular Nucleus*

19 citations , March 1998 in “Endocrinology”

Male rats have more somatostatin neurons than females due to testosterone converting to estrogen during early development.

research Where Have the Periods Gone? The Evaluation and Management of Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea

18 citations , January 2020 in “Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology”

The document concludes that Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea should be carefully diagnosed and managed to prevent health complications, using lifestyle changes and specific medications.

Hypothalamic DNA Methylation in Rats with Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Effects of Low-Frequency Electro-Acupuncture

research Hypothalamic DNA methylation in rats with dihydrotestosterone‐induced polycystic ovary syndrome: effects of low‐frequency electro‐acupuncture

18 citations , September 2018 in “Experimental physiology”

Electro-acupuncture may help treat PCOS in rats by changing brain DNA methylation.

research The local hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in cultured human dermal papilla cells

9 citations , June 2020 in “BMC Molecular and Cell Biology”

Stress hormone CRF can cause hair loss by affecting hair growth cells and hormones.

research Alopecia areata – hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is a myth?

5 citations , May 2017 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

The study found no significant difference in stress hormone levels between people with alopecia areata and healthy individuals, suggesting that the disease is not caused by an overactive stress response system.

Restoring Neuropeptide Y Levels In The Hypothalamus Ameliorates Premature Aging Phenotype In Mice

research Restoring neuropetide Y levels in the hypothalamus ameliorates premature aging phenotype in mice

4 citations , February 2025 in “GeroScience”

Increasing neuropeptide Y in the brain can slow aging signs in mice.

research Human Hair Follicles Operate a Functional Peripheral Equivalent of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Somatotropic Axis Ex Vivo

4 citations , December 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Human scalp hair follicles can produce hormones and have a system similar to a brain-body communication network.

research Altered hypothalamus functional connectivity and psychological stress in patients with alopecia areata

2 citations , March 2025 in “Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery”

Altered hypothalamic activity may contribute to stress in alopecia areata patients.

Early Androgen Activity After Birth Determines the Hypothalamic Expression of Androgen and Estrogen Receptors in Adulthood in Female but Not in Male Rats

research Early androgen activity after birth determines the hypothalamic expression of androgen and estrogen receptors in adulthood in female but not in male rats

July 2025 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology”

Early androgen exposure affects hormone receptor expression in adult female rats' brains, but not in males.

research The Effect of Perinatal Blockade of Androgen Receptors on the Expression of Hypothalamic Estrogen Receptor‐a and Sexual Motivation in Male Rats

April 2016 in “The FASEB Journal”

Blocking androgen receptors early in life increases estrogen levels and reduces sexual motivation in male rats.

research Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hair, and sebum: Stress-mediated dermatologic disasters of the pandemic era

September 2025 in “Cosmoderma”

Pandemic stress worsens hair loss and skin issues, suggesting combined mental and skin care treatments.

Exploration of the Possible Relationships Between Gut and Hypothalamic Inflammation and Allopregnanolone: Preclinical Findings in a Post-Finasteride Rat Model

research Exploration of the Possible Relationships Between Gut and Hypothalamic Inflammation and Allopregnanolone: Preclinical Findings in a Post-Finasteride Rat Model.

July 2025 in “PubMed”

Allopregnanolone may help reduce inflammation and symptoms related to post-finasteride syndrome.

research Hypothalamic lipid metabolism and the control of food intake

November 2016 in “Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)”

The VMH AMPK-SNS-BAT axis may help treat cachexia and obesity.

research Central Diabetes Insipidus and Hypothalamic Type of Hypopituitarism Associated with Atypical Location of Rathke's Cleft Cyst

3 citations , January 2012 in “Internal Medicine”

A Rathke's cleft cyst caused hormonal imbalances and symptoms in a 68-year-old woman.

research Expression of Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis RelatedGenes in the Human Skin

155 citations , December 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Thyroid-related genes are active in skin cells and may affect autoimmune conditions.

research Hair loss and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

28 citations , May 2014 in “PubMed”

Higher stress levels may be linked to hair loss in rhesus macaques.

research Qiviut cortisol reflects hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus)

7 citations , May 2021 in “General and comparative endocrinology”

Muskoxen's qiviut cortisol levels indicate their stress hormone activity over the hair growth period.

research Involvement of the central hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in hair growth and melanogenesis among different mouse strains

6 citations , October 2018 in “PLoS ONE”

Stress can slow hair growth and affect skin color by impacting the body's stress response system.

Involvement of Neurosteroids in the Control of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Pregnant Sheep Under Basal and Stressful Conditions

research Involvement of neurosteroids in the control of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in pregnant sheep under basal and stressful conditions

4 citations , August 2021 in “Theriogenology”

Neurosteroids play a key role in controlling the brain-adrenal gland activity in pregnant sheep, both in normal and stressful situations.

research Hyposecretion of the adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) in the majority of the alopecia areata patients: Is it a primitive and pathogenic perturbation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?

3 citations , January 2011 in “International journal of trichology”

Low DHEA-S levels might be linked to alopecia areata and could be a potential treatment target.

research Localized alopecia and suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in dogs following treatment with difluprednate 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion (Durezol®)

2 citations , December 2021 in “BMC veterinary research”

Long-term use of difluprednate eye drops in dogs can lead to hair loss and hormone imbalance.

research Correlation Analysis of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hormone Levels in Hair before Stroke Onset and Mood Disorders after Stroke

1 citations , June 2024 in “Rehabilitation Medicine”

Higher cortisol and cortisone levels in hair may predict mood disorders after a stroke.

research Allopregnanolone (AP) induces opioid inhibition of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in pregnancy

1 citations , October 2005 in “Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes”

Allopregnanolone and opioids together reduce stress hormone responses during pregnancy.

research SUN-439 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Disruption from Unregulated Glucocorticoid Use: A Case Series

October 2025 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society”

Unregulated glucocorticoid use can disrupt hormone balance and cause serious health issues.

research 804 Human hair follicles operate core elements of a functional peripheral equivalent of the central hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Human hair follicles have their own thyroid hormone system.

research Role of Androgen Receptor in Hypothalamic Regulation of Metabolism and Reproduction

January 2021 in “Deep Blue (University of Michigan)”

Androgen receptors in the brain affect metabolism and reproduction differently in males and females, and may help manage PCOS symptoms in females.