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GlossaryImmune Activation

body's defense system responding to a perceived threat

Immune activation refers to the process by which the body's immune system is triggered to respond to a perceived threat, such as an infection, injury, or foreign substance. This involves the activation of immune cells like T-cells and B-cells, which then work to identify, attack, and eliminate the threat. In the context of alopecia, immune activation can mistakenly target hair follicles, leading to hair loss.

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Identifying Key Components and Therapeutic Targets of the Immune System in Hidradenitis Suppurativa with an Emphasis on Neutrophils

research Identifying key components and therapeutic targets of the immune system in hidradenitis suppurativa with an emphasis on neutrophils

16 citations , September 2020 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

The article suggests that targeting specific immune pathways could help control and treat the skin disease hidradenitis suppurativa.

Transcriptional Profiling in Alopecia Areata Defines Immune and Cell Cycle Control Related Genes Within Disease-Specific Signatures

research Transcriptional profiling in alopecia areata defines immune and cell cycle control related genes within disease-specific signatures

61 citations , September 2010 in “Genomics”

The study found that immune responses disrupt hair growth cycles, causing hair loss in alopecia areata.

research 1338 Epidermal growth factor receptor protects from immune privilege collapse and scarring hair follicle destruction

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Blocking EGFR can lead to hair loss due to inflammation and stem cell damage.

research Environmental Modulation of JAK3-Mediated Immune Dysregulation in Alopecia Areata

November 2025 in “Scholarly Commons (Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University)”

Urban air pollution worsens hair loss in alopecia areata by increasing immune response.

research Type 1 interferon signature and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation targeted against sweat ducts in inflammatory acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis

6 citations , June 2023 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Inflammation damages sweat ducts, causing sweat gland injury.

Inflammatory Implications In Female Pattern Hair Loss: Unraveling B Cell-Related Immune Activation Through Comparative Transcriptome Profiling

research 0037 Inflammatory implications in female pattern hair loss: unraveling B cell-related immune activation through comparative transcriptome profiling

July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Immune system changes may contribute to female pattern hair loss.

Dietary Glucoraphanin Prevents the Onset of Psychosis in Adult Offspring After Maternal Immune Activation

research Dietary glucoraphanin prevents the onset of psychosis in the adult offspring after maternal immune activation

36 citations , January 2018 in “Scientific reports”

Eating glucoraphanin can help prevent psychosis in offspring whose mothers had immune system activation.

research Decision letter: Stimulation of hair follicle stem cell proliferation through an IL-1 dependent activation of γδT-cells

July 2017

IL-1 signaling is crucial for hair follicle stem cell growth and wound healing.

research Study the Effect of Inflammatory Cytokines on Hair Loss

March 2025 in “The Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology”

Inflammation is linked to hair loss.

research CAQ Corner: Basic concepts of transplant immunology

May 2022 in “Liver transplantation”

The document explains how the immune system reacts to organ transplants and the treatments used to prevent rejection.

research The Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata in Rodent Models

23 citations , June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

Alopecia Areata is an autoimmune disease affecting hair follicles, influenced by genetic and environmental factors, with rodent models being essential for research.

CD27 and IL-35 as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Alopecia Areata: First Evidence of Association with Pathogenic Scalp Bacterial Infections

research CD27 and IL-35 as diagnostic biomarkers in alopecia areata: First evidence of association with pathogenic scalp bacterial infections

December 2025 in “Babcock University Medical Journal”

CD27 and IL-35 can help diagnose alopecia areata linked to bacterial infections.

research Topical metformin as a novel therapy for alopecia areata due to its immunologic effects

August 2023 in “Medical Hypotheses”

Metformin, usually used for diabetes, can also help treat hair loss from alopecia areata due to its ability to reduce inflammation and stimulate new hair growth.

research Aberrant B cell and cytotoxic T cell activation in female pattern hair loss: a pilot comparative clinico-transcriptomic study

December 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Immune system issues may contribute to female pattern hair loss.

research Tracing immune cells around biomaterials with spatial anchors during large-scale wound regeneration

1 citations , March 2022 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Biodegradable scaffolds help regenerate wounds and hair by activating the immune system.

The Immune System Response in COVID-19 Infection in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

research The Immun System Response İn Covıd-19 Infectıon İn Polycystıc Ovary Syndrome

1 citations , May 2021 in “International Journal Of Medical Science And Clinical Invention”

Women with PCOS may have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 due to hormonal imbalances and vitamin D deficiency.

research Immune-Mediated Diseases of the Central Nervous System

4 citations , November 2016 in “Pediatric Clinics of North America”

The document explains the difficulty in diagnosing and treating brain diseases caused by the immune system and stresses the need for quick and accurate tests.

research Activating an adaptive immune response from a hydrogel scaffold imparts regenerative wound healing

1 citations , May 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

A special gel scaffold was made that speeds up wound healing and skin regeneration, even though it breaks down faster than expected.

research Modification of the immune system with hydrogen sulfide and cyclosporine A

May 2024 in “International journal of medicine and psychology.”

Age-related immune changes significantly affect disease development in other systems.

research What is behind the ‘swarm of bees’ in alopecia areata

7 citations , November 2018 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Alopecia areata is caused by immune system issues, and JAK inhibitors might help treat it.

research Comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic profiling of the scalp from patients with moderate-to-severe alopecia areata

February 2026 in “Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology”

Alopecia areata involves immune system issues and specific cell types that disrupt hair growth, leading to hair loss.

research Down-RANKing the Threat of HSV-1: RANKL Upregulates MHC-Class-I-Restricted Anti-Viral Immunity in Herpes Simplex Virus Infection

2 citations , November 2015 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

RANKL improves the immune response against herpes simplex virus by enhancing T cell activation and could help develop better treatments or vaccines.

research Choreographing Immunity in the Skin Epithelial Barrier

57 citations , March 2019 in “Immunity”

The document concludes that the skin's immune system is complex, involving interactions with hair follicles, nerves, and microbes, and can protect or cause disease, offering targets for new treatments.

research What’s Sex Got to Do With COVID-19? Gender-Based Differences in the Host Immune Response to Coronaviruses

125 citations , August 2020 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Men generally have more severe COVID-19 cases and higher death rates than women due to biological differences.

research Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B deficiency due to a novel missense mutation in the coiled-coil domain

14 citations , September 2018 in “The journal of allergy and clinical immunology/Journal of allergy and clinical immunology/The journal of allergy and clinical immunology”

A boy's growth and immune problems were caused by a new mutation in the STAT5B gene.

research Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide boosts the anti-tumor immunity by reversing M1/M2 polarization through TLR4/NF-κB activation

January 2026 in “Food Science and Human Wellness”

Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide helps the immune system fight tumors by activating certain pathways.

Enhanced Therapeutic Effects of All-Trans Retinoic Acid Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Composite Gel Drug Delivery System for Alopecia Areata

research Enhanced therapeutic effects of all-trans retinoic acid nanostructured lipid carrier composite gel drug delivery system for alopecia areata

May 2025 in “Journal of Nanobiotechnology”

The gel improves hair regrowth and reduces irritation in alopecia areata treatment.

Alopecia Areata: Genetic and Immunological Insights

research Alopecia Areata

1 citations , January 2017 in “Springer eBooks”

Understanding the immune-related causes of Alopecia Areata has led to potential treatments like JAK inhibitors.

research Stem cell dynamics in the hair follicle niche

135 citations , December 2013 in “Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology”

Stem cells in the hair follicle are regulated by their surrounding environment, which is important for hair growth.

research A transcriptomic map of murine and human alopecia areata

26 citations , May 2020 in “JCI Insight”

Alopecia areata involves specific immune cells, offering potential treatment targets.