Testosterone's health effects are complex and not definitively understood.
63 citations
,
April 2017 in “Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica” Higher prenatal and adult androgen levels are linked to alcohol dependence and withdrawal severity.
38 citations
,
May 1971 in “Clinical genetics” A specific metabolite, not a receptor protein, triggers the production of certain kidney enzymes, but this process is disrupted in mice with a mutation causing testicular feminization.
37 citations
,
January 2009 in “Sexual Development” Fadrozole and Finasteride change frog sex ratios and cause intersex animals with altered gene expressions.
20 citations
,
March 1975 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” The study concludes that a genetic mutation in TFM mice leads to reduced androgen receptor activity, affecting the body's response to male hormones.
98 citations
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July 1983 in “Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” Individuals with this condition often develop male traits and identities at puberty despite being raised as females.
April 2009 in “The FASEB Journal” More research is needed on the safety of fathers' drug exposure before conception.
October 2025 in “Environment International” Exposure to certain chemicals before birth and during childhood may affect puberty timing.
2 citations
,
March 2016 in “The Journal of Urology” Male infertility often lacks thorough investigation, potentially missing reversible causes.
21 citations
,
December 1977 in “Journal of pediatric surgery” Individuals with male pseudohermaphroditism often do better raised as females with early surgery.
Finasteride affects prostate development differently in male and female Mongolian gerbils.
June 2011 in “Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)” Estrogens and androgens are crucial for male fertility.
5 citations
,
May 2023 in “Science of the total environment” PFAS exposure in adolescence may delay puberty in females.
5 citations
,
January 2023 in “Fertility and sterility” Doctors are preparing to potentially perform uterus transplants in transgender women, considering technical, hormonal, and ethical factors.
32 citations
,
September 2011 in “Journal of Neuroendocrinology” Inhibiting 5α-reductase during late pregnancy shortens gestation, reduces litter size, and harms memory in rat offspring.
54 citations
,
April 2010 in “Baillière's best practice and research in clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Baillière's best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism” Impaired androgen production in 46,XY DSDs causes ambiguous genitalia and requires long-term care.
September 2018 in “Fertility and Sterility” High levels of testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone before pregnancy are linked to a higher risk of newborns needing intensive care.
26 citations
,
July 2020 in “Fertility and Sterility” Male infertility and genitourinary birth defects are often linked to genetic issues.
89 citations
,
August 2013 in “PloS one” Androgen receptors are active in many tissues of both male and female mice, not just reproductive organs.
100 citations
,
April 2007 in “Neuroscience” Reducing neurosteroid levels worsens brain injury in fetal sheep.
17 citations
,
November 2017 in “Experimental physiology” Breathing in newborn rats is affected differently by hormones based on their sex.
46 citations
,
December 1992 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Affected males are born with ambiguous genitalia, raised as females, but develop male traits at puberty due to enzyme deficiency.
14 citations
,
June 2015 in “Toxicology and Industrial Health” Low doses of BPA can increase prostate growth and change hormone levels in adult rats.
1 citations
,
January 2005 in “Research Portal (King's College London)” Finasteride and DEHP exposure during development can change reproductive markers in rats.
October 2022 in “Biomedicines” Finasteride in male rats causes liver and metabolic issues in their offspring.
2 citations
,
September 2017 in “Archives of Medical Science” Finasteride affects offspring's antioxidant enzymes in epididymis, possibly disrupting sperm maturation.
17 citations
,
February 2014 in “Pediatric Research” 21 citations
,
February 2003 in “Hormones and Behavior” Androgens boost certain nest-building behaviors and greatly reduce food intake in rabbits.
26 citations
,
September 2005 in “Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior” 5alpha-reductase 2 is crucial for proper male brain development and sexual differentiation.
May 2025 in “Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies” A woman's increased hair growth during pregnancy due to PCOS resolved after delivery.