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This study explores the antifibrotic potential of Punica granatum ethanolic leaf extract (PGEL) against skin scleroderma, focusing on oxidative stress, inflammation, and the TGF-β1/Snail 1/p-Smad 3 signaling pathway. In a rat model with 24 subjects, PGEL was administered at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, resulting in reduced oxidative stress and inflammation markers, such as IL-17 A, TNF-α, and MMP-9. PGEL also downregulated fibrotic markers like COL1A1 and Snail 1, and decreased TGF-β1 and p-Smad 3 levels, leading to improved dermal thickness and collagen fiber arrangement. The study suggests that PGEL, rich in compounds like ellagic acid and catechin-3-O-gallate, may offer therapeutic benefits for skin fibrosis by targeting inflammation, extracellular matrix production, and oxidative stress.

The study on Carthamus caeruleus L. reveals that its leaves and rhizomes contain significant bioactive compounds, with leaves showing higher levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, while rhizomes are richer in tannins. Leaf extracts demonstrated superior antioxidant and antibacterial activity, with antioxidant potential comparable to BHT and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.6 to 5 mg/mL against various bacteria. Hemolytic activity ranged from 0.86% to 14.45%. These findings suggest that C. caeruleus leaves could be a valuable source of natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents, with potential applications in developing therapeutic agents for oxidative stress, bacterial infections, wound healing, and as natural supplements. Further research is needed to understand the specific roles of individual phytochemicals in these bioactivities.