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Gender-affirming hormone treatments need better patient-focused outcome measurements and standardized data collection.

Testosterone treatment may change estrogen receptor methylation in AFAB individuals.

New male hormonal contraceptives show promise but need more research on long-term effects and funding for larger trials.

Retinoic acid affects male and female muscle energy use and function differently.

5α-reductase deficiency can cause ambiguous genitalia and gender dysphoria, treatable with testosterone.

Finasteride blocks progesterone production in specific tumor cells, potentially causing side effects.

A man's rare adrenal tumor caused feminization and white hair, was removed surgically, and improved after treatment.

Individuals with male pseudohermaphroditism often do better raised as females with early surgery.

Androgen, especially DHT, is crucial for erectile function in rats by affecting specific brain neurons.

Long-term use of finasteride and minoxidil may harm male reproductive health in mice.

Women also use 5α-reductase inhibitors for hair loss and hirsutism.

Certain drugs, especially antiandrogens and spironolactone, significantly increase the risk of gynecomastia.

Higher testosterone levels can increase the risk of certain diseases like type 2 diabetes in women and prostate cancer in men, but can also protect against autoimmune diseases and hair loss. It also affects body fat and bone density.

5α-reductase is essential for male sexual development and its inhibitors have potential in treating various conditions related to hormone action.

Two new compounds were found to build bone and muscle without affecting reproductive organs and skin oil glands.

5-alpha reductase deficiency leads to male sexual development issues and treatments like finasteride help with prostate enlargement and hair loss.

A short male anogenital distance may indicate incomplete masculinization due to disrupted androgen action.

Mutations in the androgen receptor gene cause androgen insensitivity, leading to female traits in genetically male individuals.

Hormone therapy can improve mental health and quality of life for people with gender dysphoria, but long-term effects need more research.

Finasteride causes reproductive changes in male rats.

Finasteride lowers DHT levels and raises testosterone in a dose-dependent way.

A 71-year-old woman developed male-like features due to high testosterone levels caused by a benign ovarian tumor, which was successfully removed by surgery.

Finasteride caused enlarged breast tissue in a 62-year-old man.

Androgens affect skin conditions like acne and hirsutism, treatable with hormone therapy and other methods.

Men with hormonal imbalances similar to PCOS may have increased risk of metabolic and heart diseases.

Hormonal imbalances can cause skin and hair problems in women, and treatments that block male hormones can help.

Men are more at risk for severe COVID-19 due to biological differences, suggesting the need for targeted treatments.

Gender-affirming hormone therapy may increase heart disease risk in transgender individuals.