37 citations
,
December 2003 in “Reproductive Toxicology” The assay effectively detects hormonal activity of certain chemicals.
18 citations
,
March 2020 in “Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology” The enzymes 5α-reductase and 3α/β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase help create brain-active substances from progesterone and testosterone, which could be used for treatment, but more research is needed to ensure their safety and effectiveness.
6 citations
,
September 2005 in “Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy” Androgen therapy can help with symptoms like low libido in women, but more research is needed to understand its long-term safety and effects on health.
38 citations
,
May 1971 in “Clinical genetics” A specific metabolite, not a receptor protein, triggers the production of certain kidney enzymes, but this process is disrupted in mice with a mutation causing testicular feminization.
September 2025 in “Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise” Gender-affirming hormone therapy and surgery affect gut bacteria differently.
25 citations
,
September 2014 in “Pharmacotherapy” Hormone therapy can improve mental health and quality of life for people with gender dysphoria, but long-term effects need more research.
10 citations
,
January 2019 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Testosterone increases hair growth and acne in transgender men.
8 citations
,
April 2022 in “Trends in cancer” Hormone therapy affects cancer risks in transgender individuals differently than in cisgender people, and more research is needed to understand these risks and improve cancer screening guidelines.
August 2006 in “Experimental dermatology” New treatments targeting insulin, blood flow, and inflammation could improve hormone-related hair conditions with fewer side effects.
54 citations
,
November 1995 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Females with 5 alpha-reductase-2 deficiency have less body hair, no acne, normal fertility, and delayed menarche.
5 citations
,
January 2023 in “Fertility and sterility” Doctors are preparing to potentially perform uterus transplants in transgender women, considering technical, hormonal, and ethical factors.
53 citations
,
May 1986 in “Clinics in endocrinology and metabolism” Androgens like testosterone affect hair growth and oil production differently across body parts and individuals.
July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Topical thyroid hormones may boost hair growth.
February 1999 in “Drugs in R & D” The document concludes that various drugs for men's health issues are in development, with treatments for sexual dysfunction and prostate conditions being the most advanced.
2 citations
,
March 2001 in “Environmental Health Perspectives” Small hormonal imbalances can cause significant health problems, so more sensitive testing for hormone-disrupting chemicals is needed.
6 citations
,
November 2010 in “International Journal of Andrology” New oral testosterone formulations show potential for safer, effective hormone replacement in men with low testosterone.
32 citations
,
February 2019 in “Journal of neurochemistry” Sex hormones affect brain injury differently in males and females.
April 2006 in “Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes” Testosterone therapy can help improve sexual function, mood, and bone density in women with low androgen levels, but more research is needed on long-term safety.
12 citations
,
March 2017 in “Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada” Testosterone therapy can modestly improve sexual function in menopausal women but should be used cautiously and is not recommended for routine measurement in sexual dysfunction or hirsutism.
March 2026 in “Journal of Dermatological Treatment” Topical 3% minoxidil effectively and safely enhances facial hair in transgender men.
18 citations
,
February 2020 in “Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis” The method accurately measures hormones and endocannabinoids in mice, showing gut microbiota diversity affects these levels and may influence stress and reproductive systems.
August 1994 in “Journal of dermatological science” Mouse hair cells respond to male hormones by growing less, and this can be stopped by certain blockers.
24 citations
,
January 2001 in “Dermatologic clinics” Hormonal therapy is a treatment option for acne, the only medical treatment for hirsutism, and the most promising for androgenetic alopecia.
24 citations
,
January 2011 in “Sexual Development” Intersex frogs have different brain gene activity related to sex and thyroid hormones.
4 citations
,
August 2018 in “American journal of otolaryngology” Transgender women on estrogen therapy can develop melasma and need proper skin care.
1 citations
,
September 2021 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” Minoxidil can help transgender males grow facial hair before starting testosterone therapy.
53 citations
,
July 1981 in “Journal of Endocrinology” α-MSH and cyclic AMP boost melanin production, while cyclic GMP and melatonin reduce it.
115 citations
,
August 2008 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Thyroid hormones help hair grow, reduce hair loss, and increase hair pigment.
February 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Maternal melatonin improves offspring hair growth by affecting specific proteins and pathways.
January 2019 in “Springer Reference Medizin” Follicle Stimulating Hormone is important for fertility.