86 citations
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May 2008 in “Cytokine & growth factor reviews” TNF family proteins are crucial for the development of skin features like hair, teeth, and mammary glands.
150 citations
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June 1999 in “Oncogene”
32 citations
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March 2014 in “PLOS ONE” Mice lacking fibromodulin have disrupted healing patterns, leading to abnormal skin repair and scarring.
10 citations
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February 2019 in “Journal of cellular physiology” TGF-β2 helps yak hair follicles enter the regression phase, while HSP70 tries to prevent it.
39 citations
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May 2014 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology” Special immune cells called Tregs can help prevent lung scarring by blocking a specific growth factor.
46 citations
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July 2015 in “Wound repair and regeneration” Keloid scars may form due to changes in skin cell characteristics and specific protein signaling.
5 citations
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June 2022 in “Biophysical Journal” TGF-β and TNF influence hair follicle cell fate, with TNF being more effective in triggering cell death.
22 citations
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February 2013 in “Wound Repair and Regeneration” Mice genetically modified to produce more CD109 in their skin had less inflammation and better healing with less scarring.
14 citations
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July 2021 in “Bioscience Reports” Activating Tgr5 may help treat hair loss and bone loss.
November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Low oxygen levels affect the behavior of certain proteins in human skin cells.
December 2017 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Endoglin is important for proper hair growth cycles and stem cell activation in hair follicles.
16 citations
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February 2007 in “Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery” Keratinocytes show more TGF-β system activity and collagen production as they age, which might affect wound scarring.
July 1997 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” TGF-β is found in hair follicles and may cause hair loss in alopecia areata.
July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Recombinant human TSG-6 speeds up wound healing in diabetic mice.
55 citations
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June 2014 in “Nature Communications” Tcf3 helps cells move and heal wounds by controlling lipocalin 2.
April 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Disrupting the Tsc2 gene in certain cells leads to thicker skin, larger hair, and changes in hair growth signaling, which can be partly reversed with specific treatment.
132 citations
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August 2012 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects” TGF-β signaling is crucial for stem cell maintenance, differentiation, and has implications for cancer treatment.
April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Muscle around hair follicles controls hair loss by releasing a signal that causes cell death.
29 citations
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February 2018 in “European Journal of Immunology” Regulatory T cells are essential for normal and improved wound healing in mice.
Higher TGF-β signaling may increase skin cancer risk in organ transplant recipients.
June 2013 in “Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature” A substance called FGF9 from certain immune cells can trigger new hair growth during wound healing in mice, but humans may not have the same response due to fewer of these cells.
January 2022 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” The gp130 receptor helps in tissue regeneration and disease progression, and manipulating it could improve healing and prevent disease.
343 citations
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March 2016 in “Nature Communications” IL-17-producing γδ T cells help improve bone healing.
IL-1 signaling is crucial for hair follicle stem cell growth and wound healing.
578 citations
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April 1993 in “Cell” TGFα gene mutation in mice causes abnormal skin, wavy hair, curly whiskers, and sometimes eye inflammation.
81 citations
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September 2005 in “The American journal of pathology” Activin helps skin growth and healing mainly through stromal cells and affects keratinocytes based on its amount.
January 2023 in “Figshare” Minor skin injuries can boost hair growth by increasing TNF-α.
45 citations
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October 2008 in “Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews” Activins and follistatins, part of the TGFβ family, are crucial for hair follicle development and skin health, affecting growth, repair, and the hair cycle.
September 2025 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy” TAZ boosts fat cell formation in goat stem cells by activating a specific signaling pathway.
TLR3 signaling enhances the immunosuppressive properties of human periodontal ligament stem cells.