March 2016 in “West Indian medical journal” There is no significant link between alopecia areata and the PON1 enzyme polymorphisms studied.
September 2025 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Using 5α-reductase inhibitors for hair loss in women doesn't increase cancer risk.
The AMHR2-482A>G gene change is linked to higher PCOS risk.
47 citations
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June 2009 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry” Finasteride helps treat hair loss and prostate enlargement by blocking a specific enzyme.
56 citations
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December 2002 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Human bone cells mainly produce a type 1 enzyme that may help regulate bone health.
1 citations
,
January 2005 in “Experimental Dermatology” Antisense oligonucleotides can reduce androgen receptor levels in skin cells, suggesting potential for treating skin disorders.
19 citations
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September 2011 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” TGF-β1 increases androgen receptor activity in hair loss, but Hic-5/ARA55 can counter this effect.
January 2021 in “Deep Blue (University of Michigan)” Androgen receptors in the brain affect metabolism and reproduction differently in males and females, and may help manage PCOS symptoms in females.
91 citations
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July 2004 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry” Overexpressing SSAT enzyme reduces prostate tumor growth in mice.
16 citations
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March 2022 in “Clinica Chimica Acta” Idiopathic hirsutism may be linked to increased enzyme activity.
14 citations
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September 2015 in “Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets” The conclusion is that while oral contraceptive pills are effective for PCOS-related high androgen levels, new treatments with fewer side effects are needed.
7 citations
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September 1988 in “Baillière's clinical obstetrics and gynaecology” Cyproterone acetate is effective for treating hirsutism and acne in women by blocking androgens in the skin and also works as a contraceptive.
9 citations
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August 2021 in “Biomedicines” 17β-estradiol boosts APE1/Ref-1 secretion in cells and mice via a calcium-dependent pathway.
3 citations
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June 2018 in “Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry” Compounds 4, 4b, and 4c effectively inhibit an enzyme linked to testosterone conversion without significant toxicity.
October 2025 in “Nature Reviews Disease Primers” October 2025 in “Nature Reviews Disease Primers” 46 citations
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December 1992 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Affected males are born with ambiguous genitalia, raised as females, but develop male traits at puberty due to enzyme deficiency.
57 citations
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February 1983 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” Dihydrotestosterone increases the activity of an enzyme in pubic skin cells that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.
September 2002 in “Research Repository (Kingston University London)” Mimicking the steroid A-ring may help create effective enzyme inhibitors for prostate disease treatment.
10 citations
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November 2021 in “PLoS ONE” The T allele of the PTPN22 gene may increase the risk of alopecia areata.
January 2011 in “Yearbook of Endocrinology” 48 citations
,
February 2006 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology” 5α-reductase inhibitors may reduce male fertility and could be used for male contraception.
May 2018 in “Más dermatología” The higher dose supplement was more effective in treating female hair loss.
April 2017 in “Actas urológicas españolas” 5-alpha reductase inhibitors increase the risk of sexual dysfunction in patients treating enlarged prostate but not in those treating hair loss.
April 2014 in “The FASEB Journal” Testosterone reduces knee movement, while flutamide and finasteride increase it.
December 2023 in “Journal of Medicinal Chemistry” A new topical treatment for hair loss shows strong hair growth effects with low toxicity.
5 citations
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January 2005 in “Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry” New steroids were effective in blocking male hormone receptors in hamster prostates.
May 2022 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” The enzyme 5α-reductase is important for proper blood vessel development during the fertility-related transformation of the uterus lining.
35 citations
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October 2004 in “Biology of Reproduction” PNU157706 reduced rat sperm movement and fertility without affecting offspring health.
May 2026 in “Open Science Framework” Biochanin A from soy is a promising and safe candidate for treating hair loss.