316 citations
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June 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Microspheres about 1.5 micrometers in size can best penetrate hair follicles, potentially reaching important stem cells.
211 citations
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June 2012 The skin is a complex barrier for drug penetration, but understanding its structure and interactions can improve drug delivery methods.
128 citations
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July 2009 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” PEVs improve minoxidil skin penetration, increasing hair growth.
122 citations
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April 2011 in “European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics” Particles around 100 nm can penetrate and stay in hair follicles without passing through healthy skin, making them safe for use in topical products and useful for targeted drug delivery.
90 citations
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November 2014 in “Journal of Biomedical Optics” Silver nanoparticles can penetrate porcine skin up to about 15.6 μm, possibly through hair follicles.
54 citations
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October 2002 in “Journal of controlled release” Medium lipophilic substances penetrate skin best, and adding ethanol can increase delivery to hair follicles.
45 citations
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August 1954 in “Experimental Biology and Medicine” Vitamin A penetrates guinea pig skin quickly in alcohol, affects skin thickness, but doesn't impact hair growth.
35 citations
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January 2018 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology” Nanoemulsion creams with certain enhancers can greatly increase caffeine delivery through skin.
33 citations
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June 1995 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” More ethanol increases minoxidil delivery, but too much lowers efficiency.
28 citations
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March 2014 in “International Journal of Nanomedicine” New lipid nanoparticles show promise for delivering hair loss treatments but need improvement for better skin penetration.
26 citations
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May 2012 in “Pharmaceutical Development and Technology” PEVs effectively deliver minoxidil through skin.
22 citations
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April 2018 in “Pharmaceutics” New methods improve how well skin treatments work by helping drugs get through the skin barrier.
16 citations
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March 2009 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” SEPA™ enhances the effectiveness of minoxidil in stimulating hair growth, working faster and better than Rogaine® TS, with no significant side effects.
11 citations
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January 2006 in “Drug development and industrial pharmacy” Adding TPGS to minoxidil solutions can improve skin penetration and retention, especially in water and PEG 400-based solutions.
9 citations
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October 2013 in “Drug Delivery” Ethosomal carriers effectively deliver hair loss drug into skin.
7 citations
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October 2024 in “Drug Delivery and Translational Research” A 4% nanoparticle concentration and 4 Hz massage improve drug delivery into hair follicles.
7 citations
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September 2020 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Different sizes of keratin peptides can strengthen hair, with smaller ones possibly increasing volume and larger ones repairing damage.
6 citations
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December 2018 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” CARB is a strong barrier in human hair that prevents dye penetration.
1 citations
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July 2005 in “Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences” Targeting drugs to hair follicles can treat skin conditions, but reaching deep follicle areas is hard and needs more research.
1 citations
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July 2005 in “CRC Press eBooks” Topical drugs can target hair follicles to treat skin conditions more effectively.
June 2024 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Plant oils like coconut, camellia, and safflower can penetrate hair, making it stronger and softer.
April 2024 in “Cosmetics” Different oils affect hair flexibility and strength, with their impact varying on whether hair is virgin or bleached.
March 2014 in “DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)” Lipid nanoparticles show promise for delivering alopecia treatments to the skin.
Ethnic differences in skin and hair affect penetration minimally, but cultural habits matter in product development.
93 citations
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January 2007 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” Caffeine in shampoo quickly enters the body through hair follicles.
79 citations
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December 2017 in “Cosmetics” Effective sunscreen formulations can reduce skin absorption and enhance protection.
67 citations
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January 2012 in “Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin” Nanoparticles don't penetrate intact skin but can enter through pores or damaged skin.
66 citations
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February 1985 in “Archives of dermatological research” Hair dyes penetrate the scalp very minimally, less than 1%.
62 citations
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May 1997 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” Sebaceous glands in the skin play a key role in absorbing the antiandrogen drug RU 58841, especially when it's encapsulated in liposomes.
61 citations
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May 2016 in “Scientific reports” The peptide IMT-P8 can effectively deliver proteins into the skin and cells for potential skin treatments.