3 citations
,
June 2018 in “International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy” Baby born healthy despite mom taking finasteride, but more research needed.
51 citations
,
July 2013 in “Brain Research” Testosterone needs to be converted to DHT to reduce stress response in male rats.
12 citations
,
January 2016 in “Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports” Testosterone therapy improved physical and social health in a male with 49,XXXXY syndrome.
20 citations
,
March 1975 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry/Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” The study concludes that a genetic mutation in TFM mice leads to reduced androgen receptor activity, affecting the body's response to male hormones.
10 citations
,
May 2014 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Allopregnanolone increases KCC2 expression in baby male rats' brains, while finasteride doesn't affect it.
6 citations
,
January 2021 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Finasteride-treated male rats' offspring had altered glucose metabolism, potentially increasing diabetes risk.
3 citations
,
March 2025 in “Endocrine Connections” Higher DHT levels are linked to more acne in adolescents, especially boys.
January 2026 in “Hormones and Behavior” Pregnancy affects fear memory and brain activity in female rats.
136 citations
,
January 2004 in “Neuroscience” Testosterone increases seizure risk through its conversion to specific neurosteroids.
24 citations
,
March 2018 in “Pediatric Dermatology” Testosterone treatment in transgender teens can worsen acne, requiring careful treatment due to mental health and medication side effects.
26 citations
,
January 2014 in “ALTEX” Pesticides can cause reproductive and adrenal health issues.
October 2019 in “European heart journal” Androgen-deprivation therapies increase the risk of certain heart conditions, but testosterone treatment may help.
Testosterone raises blood pressure by affecting kidney function and brain gene regulation over time.
1 citations
,
July 2010 in “PubMed” January 1983 in “Elsevier eBooks” Masculinization in affected individuals occurs gradually after puberty due to hormone changes.
23 citations
,
July 2015 in “The Journal of Membrane Biology” Testosterone increases certain proteins in the uterus, reducing fluid volume.
December 1981 in “Pediatric Research”
36 citations
,
June 2001 in “Neuroscience Letters” Finasteride may affect fetal brain development and increase arousal, but more research is needed for safety confirmation.
10 citations
,
January 2019 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Testosterone increases hair growth and acne in transgender men.
2 citations
,
July 2020 in “Behavioural Brain Research” Changing neuroactive steroids in baby male rats affects their memory and learning differently as they grow up.
98 citations
,
July 1983 in “Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” Individuals with this condition often develop male traits and identities at puberty despite being raised as females.
31 citations
,
January 2001 in “PubMed”
67 citations
,
February 1997 in “Teratology” Finasteride, when given in high oral doses to pregnant monkeys, caused genital abnormalities in male fetuses, but not in female fetuses or those exposed to intravenous finasteride.
August 2011 in “Reproductive Toxicology” 24 citations
,
October 2012 in “The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology” Testosterone protects female heart cells from stress by activating estrogen receptors.
18 citations
,
June 2016 in “PeerJ” Testosterone increases certain kidney protein levels, potentially raising blood pressure.
10 citations
,
October 2012 in “Andrology” Prostate cancer can progress even with low testosterone due to internal hormone production in the tumor.
4 citations
,
January 2013 in “PubMed” Testosterone and finasteride raise insulin and zinc, lower chromium in male rats.
9 citations
,
August 1952 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” A 17-year-old female with adrenogenital syndrome produces very high levels of androgens, which prevent complete feminization despite high estrogen doses.
110 citations
,
October 2013 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Testosterone treatment in trans men increases body and facial hair and may lead to hair loss over time, but severe skin issues are rare.