116 citations
,
December 2013 in “The Journal of Pediatrics” Most youth with gender dysphoria received hormones, had minor complications, and showed a decrease in suicide attempts after treatment.
72 citations
,
October 1998 in “Baillière's clinical endocrinology and metabolism” Long-term testosterone therapy can cause hormone suppression, affect prostate and heart health, and alter physical characteristics, but does not increase prostate cancer risk and needs more research for full risk assessment.
68 citations
,
February 2019 in “Urology” Hormonal treatment in transgender women reduces semen quality, but stopping treatment may improve it.
11 citations
,
June 2012 in “Human Reproduction Update” The conclusion is that there is a high demand for new contraceptives that provide both pregnancy prevention and protection against STIs, along with additional health benefits.
January 2026 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology” Certain drugs can cause male infertility, so fertility counseling and sperm preservation are advised.
June 2021 in “Archives of Advances in Biosciences” Finasteride reduces sperm count and quality and alters hormone levels in mice.
1 citations
,
June 2023 in “Chemical engineering journal” A new microneedle patch treats hair loss effectively with fewer side effects and less frequent use.
16 citations
,
January 2017 in “Asian journal of andrology/Asian Journal of Andrology” Men who start puberty later may have lower sperm quality and different hormone levels in adulthood.
2 citations
,
December 2017 in “Theriogenology” Testosterone increases acidification in the vas deferens by up-regulating V-ATPase.
45 citations
,
August 2011 in “Journal of Microencapsulation” Chitosan microparticles improve minoxidil sulphate delivery, potentially reducing daily applications.
August 2024 in “The Journal of Urology” The 2024 guideline updates recommendations for genetic testing, imaging, and sperm retrieval in male infertility.
10 citations
,
August 2023 in “Advanced Science” Nitric Oxide has potential in medicine, especially for infections and heart treatments, but its short life and delivery challenges limit its use.
1 citations
,
July 2023 in “F&S Reviews” Some common medications may harm male fertility by affecting hormones, sperm production, and sexual function.
January 2025 in “RSC Advances” The new delivery method for finasteride using nanoparticles may improve hair growth without skin issues.
18 citations
,
October 2021 in “Frontiers in Physiology” Lipocalin-Type Prostaglandin D2 Synthase (L-PGDS) is a protein that plays many roles in the body, including sleep regulation, pain management, food intake, and protection against harmful substances. It also affects fat metabolism, glucose intolerance, cell maturation, and is involved in various diseases like diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. It can influence sex organ development and embryonic cell differentiation, and its levels can be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.
1 citations
,
November 2005 in “Journal of Andrology” The meeting highlighted promising genetic treatments for male fertility issues but noted concerns about certain cancer risks and ICSI safety.
January 2024 in “Wiadomości Lekarskie” Male sperm disorders significantly contribute to infertility.
11 citations
,
March 2010 in “International Journal of Andrology” Finasteride 1-mg doesn't harm sperm or pregnancy chances.
5 citations
,
June 2008 in “Acta Cirurgica Brasileira” Finasteride causes sperm production decrease in Mesocricetus auratus.
14 citations
,
May 2021 in “Marine Drugs” PDRN, derived from salmon sperm, shows promise in healing wounds, reducing inflammation, and regenerating tissues, but more research is needed to understand its mechanisms and improve its use.
195 citations
,
February 2007 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Dutasteride and finasteride may reduce sperm count and volume but don't affect movement or shape; effects are reversible after stopping.
104 citations
,
October 1999 in “The Journal of Urology” Finasteride doesn't harm male fertility or sperm quality, but may slightly reduce ejaculate volume.
September 2008 in “Fertility and Sterility” Men and women in infertile couples feel using donor sperm may cause more stress and marital issues than using donor eggs.
April 2026 in “Research Square” COVID-19 can harm male fertility by reducing sperm stem cells and damaging testicular function.
January 2026 in “Journal of Sexual and Mental Health” New male contraceptive pills show promise in reducing sperm production with mild side effects.
49 citations
,
August 1996 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” The combination of cyproterone acetate and testosterone enanthate is highly effective in preventing sperm production and could be a good reversible male contraceptive.
March 2014 in “Fertility and Sterility” The April 2014 issue of "Fertility and Sterility" discussed various reproductive health topics, including hormone therapy benefits, sperm and genetic factors in male infertility, and the link between PCOS and diabetes.
April 2025 in “Journal of Skin and Stem Cell” PDRN from trout sperm helps skin and hair regeneration but is costly and complex to produce.
4 citations
,
January 2023 in “Andrology” The testes produce sperm and hormones essential for male development.
February 2025 in “Intisari Sains Medis” PDRN from salmon may slow skin aging by improving skin quality and reducing inflammation.