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November 2018 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” Nanoparticles improve drug delivery through the skin but more research is needed on their long-term effects and skin penetration challenges.
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August 1992 in “Genes & Development” TNF alpha in skin cells causes weight loss, hair and fat issues, and skin inflammation in mice.
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April 2011 in “European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics” Particles around 100 nm can penetrate and stay in hair follicles without passing through healthy skin, making them safe for use in topical products and useful for targeted drug delivery.
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April 2017 in “International Journal of Nanomedicine” Ethosomes are effective for delivering drugs through the skin by penetrating deeply and targeting hair follicles.
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September 2004 in “Clinics in dermatology” Blocked hair follicles cause acne, and studying tiny early acne spots helps understand its severity.
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September 2014 in “Therapeutic Delivery” Nanoparticles can improve skin treatments by better targeting hair follicles, but more research is needed for advancement.
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May 2011 in “BJCP. British journal of clinical pharmacology/British journal of clinical pharmacology” Hair follicles greatly increase caffeine absorption through the skin shortly after it's applied.
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January 2007 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” Caffeine in shampoo quickly enters the body through hair follicles.
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August 2024 in “Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B” Microneedles can improve skin disease treatment by delivering drugs directly through the skin.
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November 2014 in “Journal of Biomedical Optics” Silver nanoparticles can penetrate porcine skin up to about 15.6 μm, possibly through hair follicles.
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September 2016 in “Journal of Controlled Release” Nanoparticles can improve drug delivery to hair follicles but struggle to penetrate deeper skin layers.
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April 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Repetin is a protein involved in skin and hair development, binding calcium and compensating for other proteins when needed.
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January 2012 in “Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin” Nanoparticles don't penetrate intact skin but can enter through pores or damaged skin.
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October 2002 in “Human molecular genetics online/Human molecular genetics” A gene mutation in mice causes skin defects and early death.
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February 2002 in “Veterinary dermatology” Malassezia in cat skin biopsies may indicate internal cancer.
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October 2017 in “Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces” Chitosan-coated nanoparticles can effectively deliver positively charged drugs through the skin using iontophoresis.
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May 2016 in “Scientific reports” The peptide IMT-P8 can effectively deliver proteins into the skin and cells for potential skin treatments.
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January 2023 in “Biomaterials Science” PLGA-based microneedles are promising for safe and effective skin delivery of drugs and vaccines.
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July 2023 in “Biomedicines” Hydrogel-forming microneedles are promising for safe, efficient, and controlled drug delivery through the skin.
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March 1997 in “Veterinary Dermatology” Some cats with sudden hair loss and tiredness might have cancer-related alopecia.
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April 2020 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” Hydroquinone may harm skin, while kojic acid and aloe vera could reduce its negative effects.
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May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica” Keratinization in embryos helped vertebrates adapt to land by forming a protective skin barrier.
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May 2018 in “Nutrition and healthy aging” Skin aging is largely due to differences in stiffness and elasticity between skin layers, leading to wrinkles.
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January 2022 in “Frontiers in Chemistry” The patch speeds up deep wound healing.
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July 2013 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” Male skin gets drier and more alkaline as it ages, which may need different skincare than women's skin.