April 2019 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A 12-year-old boy with PAIS successfully developed male characteristics using high-dose testosterone and anastrozole.
Different drugs are used to manage breeding, prevent or end pregnancy, and treat reproductive issues in dogs and cats.
February 2018 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” High doses of Lagenaria siceraria fruit powder lower FSH and LH hormone levels in male rats.
Finasteride causes reproductive changes in male rats.
October 2010 in “Journal of Men's Health” Larger prostate size in older men may be linked to poorer semen quality and fertility issues.
February 1990 in “Pathology, research and practice” PCS rats show significant inner ear damage and zinc deficiency, similar to liver cirrhosis patients.
November 2012 in “Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes” A new genetic mutation causes severe Leydig cell hypoplasia, affecting sexual development.
3 citations
,
January 2008 in “Endocrine journal” A new mutation linked to partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and prostate cancer was found in a patient unhappy with their female gender assignment.
46 citations
,
August 2006 in “PubMed” A genetic defect causes males in some Mediterranean populations to be born with ambiguous genitalia and develop male traits at puberty.
November 2014 in “Elsevier eBooks” Gene mutations can cause problems in male genital development.
15 citations
,
March 2015 in “PloS one” Scientists restored fertility in male mice lacking a key fertility gene by using a modified gene.
1 citations
,
October 2024 in “JCEM Case Reports” 5α-reductase deficiency can cause ambiguous genitalia and gender dysphoria, treatable with testosterone.
32 citations
,
November 2020 in “UNC Libraries” A point mutation in the androgen receptor gene causes complete androgen insensitivity.
70 citations
,
April 2014 in “Annales d'endocrinologie” New genes and pathways are important for testosterone production and male sexual development.
94 citations
,
April 2002 in “The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism” A new gene mutation causes female pseudohermaphroditism due to glucocorticoid resistance.
January 1983 in “Elsevier eBooks” Masculinization in affected individuals occurs gradually after puberty due to hormone changes.
1 citations
,
September 2019 in “Steroids” Two new mutations in the AR gene linked to severe androgen insensitivity were found.
January 2018 in “Elsevier eBooks” 5α-reductase-2 deficiency causes ambiguous genitalia at birth and affects male sexual development, but individuals often develop male characteristics at puberty.
8 citations
,
December 2022 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Mice without the enzyme HSD17B3 still produce normal testosterone, suggesting they have different ways to make it compared to humans.
54 citations
,
April 2010 in “Baillière's best practice and research in clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Baillière's best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism” Impaired androgen production in 46,XY DSDs causes ambiguous genitalia and requires long-term care.
1 citations
,
January 2017 in “Tohoku journal of experimental medicine” A woman's mature cystic teratoma caused her virilization by producing testosterone.
June 2011 in “Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)” Estrogens and androgens are crucial for male fertility.
111 citations
,
May 2001 in “Human reproduction update” Insufficient androgen action in male fetuses can cause genital development issues due to genetic mutations or environmental chemicals.
309 citations
,
June 2001 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology” Mutations in the androgen receptor gene cause androgen insensitivity, leading to female traits in genetically male individuals.
December 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Chromosomal differences affect how muscle cells respond to testosterone.
6 citations
,
August 2020 in “JCRPE” A boy with a rare form of early puberty caused by a new gene mutation responded well to treatment aimed at reducing testosterone and preserving adult height.
January 2025 in “Case Reports in Genetics” A rare gene variant causes sexual development issues in siblings, needing personalized treatment.
January 2026 in “JCEM Case Reports” Genetics may play a significant role in gender dysphoria.
11 citations
,
September 2015 in “Theriogenology” Testosterone boosts fluid and electrolyte secretion in seminal vesicles, aiding sperm function.
3 citations
,
February 2018 in “Human Reproduction” A man with testotoxicosis was fertile despite low FSH levels, suggesting high testosterone may allow sperm production without FSH.