16 citations
,
June 2022 in “Transgender Health” Oocyte retrieval is possible for transgender men on testosterone therapy without affecting fertility outcomes.
29 citations
,
October 2020 in “eLife” Higher testosterone levels can increase the risk of certain diseases like type 2 diabetes in women and prostate cancer in men, but can also protect against autoimmune diseases and hair loss. It also affects body fat and bone density.
Testosterone's health effects are complex and not definitively understood.
2 citations
,
September 2020 Long-term high testosterone levels can improve bone density and reduce body fat but may increase the risk of prostate cancer and high blood pressure.
Increased free testosterone can lead to stronger bones and less body fat but also higher risks of prostate cancer, hair loss, spine issues, and high blood pressure.
December 2024 in “Journal of Cancer Therapy and Research” Artocarpus heterophyllus seed extract may help treat prostate inflammation without side effects.
18 citations
,
October 2023 in “Nature Communications” Men with baldness are more prone to skin cancers on the scalp due to sun exposure, not testosterone.
4 citations
,
March 2019 in “JAT. Journal of applied toxicology/Journal of applied toxicology” PFOS exposure disrupts hormone levels and enzyme activities in juvenile frogs, affecting males and females differently.
January 2011 in “InTech eBooks” Pesticide exposure may increase the risk of hypospadias in males.
April 2023 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” Melatonin in a special emulsion can help treat hair loss more effectively.
13 citations
,
November 2019 in “Scientific reports” Certain drugs change freshwater snail shells to a "banana" shape.
118 citations
,
May 2003 in “Toxicological Sciences” Exposure to finasteride in the womb caused lasting reproductive issues in male rats.
32 citations
,
February 2017 in “Human Reproduction” Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have a longer anogenital distance.
30 citations
,
January 2015 in “BioMed Research International” Continuous light exposure in rats leads to PCOS-like symptoms and suggests sleep habits might affect the disorder's development.
September 2025 in “Toxicology” Long-term use of finasteride and minoxidil may harm male reproductive health in mice.
September 2008 in “Fertility and Sterility” Free fatty acids may increase androgen production, potentially contributing to polycystic ovary syndrome.
February 2026 in “Molecules” A new method can quickly and accurately measure tobacco exposure and stress using a small hair sample.
25 citations
,
September 2005 in “International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience” Morphine increases testosterone breakdown in the rat brain and spinal cord.
22 citations
,
May 1986 in “Clinics in endocrinology and metabolism” Certain finger length ratios and body hair patterns may predict side effects from birth control pills in women.
20 citations
,
January 2007 in “Fertility and Sterility” A woman developed male traits from accidental contact with her husband's testosterone gel.
8 citations
,
November 2020 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” The ingredients may help prevent hair loss and aging by boosting hair growth signals and reducing stress and hormone effects.
7 citations
,
May 1978 in “International Journal of Dermatology” Recent hair loss research shows some progress, especially in understanding male pattern baldness, but effective treatments for many types of hair loss are still lacking.
5 citations
,
September 2021 in “Southern African Journal of Hiv Medicine” The guideline provides healthcare professionals in South Africa with instructions for comprehensive, multidisciplinary gender-affirming care, including HIV prevention and treatment for transgender and gender diverse individuals.
December 2025 in “International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science” Transgender individuals face unique skin issues, often due to hormone therapy, requiring specialized and stigma-free dermatologic care.
February 2019 in “Psychoneuroendocrinology” Hair samples can reliably show average long-term hormone levels in young women.
February 2020 in “Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety” Finasteride users have higher odds of certain health issues and lower odds of specific lifestyle factors compared to nonusers.
991 citations
,
January 2011 in “Nature Reviews Endocrinology” The document concludes that PCOS is a complex disorder caused by both genetic and environmental factors, affecting women's health in various ways, and requires personalized treatment.
25 citations
,
June 2012 in “Endocrine” PCOS may start before birth, involves metabolic issues, and can be treated with drugs like metformin and lifestyle changes.
3 citations
,
June 2017 in “Deep Blue (University of Michigan)” Early exposure to fluoride, lead, and certain nutrients affects puberty differently in boys and girls.
January 2014 in “Side effects of drugs annual” Exposure to certain sex hormones can increase health risks, while some hormone therapies may offer benefits for specific conditions.