Advances in Nanomaterial-Mediated CRISPR/Cas Delivery: From Lipid Nanoparticles to Vesicle-Derived Systems

This review explores the role of nanomaterials in enhancing the delivery of gene and genome editing therapies, focusing on various nanocarriers like lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and vesicle-derived systems. It highlights the superior performance of ionizable lipid nanoparticles in delivering nucleic acids and CRISPR systems, while noting the rapid advancements in polymer-based and exosome-inspired carriers for targeted applications. The review emphasizes the importance of design factors such as surface ligands and charge modification in improving delivery efficiency and reducing immune responses. Ethical and regulatory concerns for in vivo editing are discussed, along with the need for future research on in vivo potency, biocompatibility, and standardized manufacturing to ensure clinical safety.