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GlossaryCD39

enzyme that regulates immune responses by breaking down ATP and ADP

CD39, also known as Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD1), is an enzyme found on the surface of certain cells, including immune cells. It plays a crucial role in regulating inflammation and immune responses by breaking down ATP and ADP, which are molecules that can signal danger or damage in the body. This helps to control the activity of immune cells and maintain tissue homeostasis.

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Alopecia Areata Patients Show Deficiency of FOXP3+CD39+ T Regulatory Cells and Clonotypic Restriction of Treg TCRβ-Chain, Highlighting the Immunopathological Aspect of the Disease

research Alopecia areata patients show deficiency of FOXP3+CD39+ T regulatory cells and clonotypic restriction of Treg TCRβ-chain, which highlights the immunopathological aspect of the disease

30 citations , July 2019 in “PloS one”

Patients with Alopecia areata have fewer specific immune cells that normally regulate the immune system, which may contribute to the condition.

research Evaluation of CD4+, CD39+, FOXP3+Tregulatory cells in Iraqi Alopecia areata patients by ELISA

October 2022 in “Journal of pharmaceutical negative results”

People with Alopecia areata have higher levels of certain T regulatory cells in their blood.

research Tregs: Where We Are and What Comes Next?

130 citations , November 2017 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

The conclusion is that Treg-targeted therapies have potential, but more knowledge of Treg biology is needed for effective treatments, including for cancer.

research INVESTIGATING THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALOPECIA AREATA

May 2018 in “White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)”

Alopecia areata may be treated by using EGCG to balance immune cells and reduce inflammation.

research Defining Skin Fibroblastic Cell Types Beyond CD90

31 citations , October 2018 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

The conclusion is that CD90 is not a specific marker for fibroblast subtypes and better methods are needed to identify them.

research Regulatory T cells in autoimmune skin diseases

24 citations , March 2018 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Treg dysfunction is linked to various autoimmune skin diseases, and understanding Treg properties is key for new treatments.

research Dormant tumor cells in ret transgenic mouse melanoma model and their interaction with memory T cells

January 2012 in “heiDOK (Heidelberg University)”

Dormant melanoma cells in mice interact minimally with memory T cells due to a suppressive tumor environment.

research Regulatory T-Cells: Potential Regulator of Tissue Repair and Regeneration

188 citations , March 2018 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Regulatory T-cells are important for healing and regenerating tissues in various organs by controlling immune responses and aiding stem cells.

research Historical and Current Adenosine Receptor Agonists in Preclinical and Clinical Development

142 citations , March 2019 in “Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience”

The document concludes that adenosine receptor agonists have potential for treating various conditions, but only a few are approved due to challenges like side effects and the need for selective activation.

research Regulatory T Cells: the Many Faces of Foxp3

125 citations , September 2019 in “Journal of Clinical Immunology”

Foxp3 is crucial for regulatory T cell function, and targeting these cells may help treat immune disorders.

research Local heroes or villains: tissue-resident memory T cells in human health and disease

67 citations , January 2020 in “Cellular & Molecular Immunology/Cellular & molecular immunology”

Tissue-resident memory T cells can protect against infections and cancer but may also contribute to autoimmune diseases.

research IL-15 in T-Cell Responses and Immunopathogenesis

48 citations , January 2024 in “Immune Network”

IL-15 is key for T cell function and could help improve treatments for immune-related diseases.

research Tissue resident and follicular Treg cell differentiation is regulated by CRAC channels

40 citations , March 2019 in “Nature Communications”

CRAC channels are crucial for the development and function of specialized immune cells, preventing severe inflammation and autoimmune diseases.

research Lack of Collagen VI Promotes Wound-Induced Hair Growth

32 citations , May 2015 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Mice without collagen VI have slower hair growth normally but faster regrowth after injury.

Human FOXN1 Deficiency Is Associated with Alpha Beta Double-Negative and FoxP3 Positive T-Cell Expansions That Are Distinctly Modulated upon Thymic Transplantation

research Human FOXN1-Deficiency Is Associated with αβ Double-Negative and FoxP3+ T-Cell Expansions That Are Distinctly Modulated upon Thymic Transplantation

32 citations , May 2012 in “PloS one”

Thymic transplantation normalized some T-cells but not others, maintaining immune function.

research The Role of the Slc39a Family of Zinc Transporters in Zinc Homeostasis in Skin

19 citations , February 2018 in “Nutrients”

Certain zinc transporters are essential for healthy skin and managing zinc in the body could help treat skin problems.

research Gene Expression in Rat Dermal Papilla Cells: Analysis of 2529 ESTs

14 citations , October 2000 in “Genomics”

Rat dermal papilla cells have unique genes crucial for hair growth.

Immunological Aspects and Gender Bias During Respiratory Viral Infections Including Novel Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19): A Scoping Review

research Immunological aspects and gender bias during respiratory viral infections including novel Coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19): A scoping review

11 citations , May 2021 in “Journal of Medical Virology”

Men are more likely to have severe respiratory viral infections like COVID-19 due to hormonal and genetic differences, while women generally have stronger immune responses.

research Adenosine A2B receptor: A pathogenic factor and a therapeutic target for sensorineural hearing loss

8 citations , December 2020 in “The FASEB Journal”

Blocking adenosine A2B receptor may prevent or treat hearing loss.

research Taming of Covid-19: potential and emerging application of mesenchymal stem cells

6 citations , March 2021 in “Cytotechnology”

Mesenchymal stem cells show promise in treating COVID-19 by reducing inflammation and aiding recovery, but more research is needed.

research Selective Expansion of Tregs Using the IL-2 Cytokine Antibody Complex Does Not Reverse Established Alopecia Areata in C3H/HeJ Mice

5 citations , June 2022 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Increasing Treg cells in the skin does not cure hair loss from alopecia areata in mice.

research Autoimmune thyroid disease and human health: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies

4 citations , December 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Autoimmune thyroid disease raises the risk of many health issues but lowers the risk of lung cancer and allergic rhinitis.

research Integrated single-cell chromatin and transcriptomic analyses of peripheral immune cells in patients with alopecia areata

4 citations , July 2025 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Early intervention with JAK inhibitors may prevent alopecia areata progression.

research PINK1 deficiency rewires early immune responses in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease triggered by intestinal infection

4 citations , May 2025 in “npj Parkinson s Disease”

PINK1 is important for controlling gut immune responses linked to early Parkinson's disease.

research Inhibition of T-cell activity in alopecia areata: recent developments and new directions

4 citations , November 2023 in “Frontiers in immunology”

New treatments targeting T-cell pathways are needed for better alopecia areata management.

research Metformin and malignant neoplasms: a possible mechanism of antitumor action and prospects for use in practice

3 citations , July 2022 in “Problemy èndokrinologii”

Metformin, a diabetes drug, may also help fight cancer, but more research is needed to understand how.

research Regulatory T cells: master orchestrators of immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis

2 citations , June 2026 in “Frontiers in Science”

Regulatory T cells help control the immune system and could lead to new treatments for diseases.

research Regulatory T cell dysfunction and immunotherapeutic breakthroughs in type 1 diabetes

2 citations , January 2026 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology”

Next-generation Treg therapies could help achieve lasting immune tolerance in type 1 diabetes.

research Gut microbiome, metabolome and alopecia areata

2 citations , November 2023 in “Frontiers in microbiology”

The health of the gut may be important in developing new ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat alopecia areata.

research ESGCT and FSGT Collaborative Congress Helsinki, Finland September 17–20, 2015 Abstracts

2 citations , October 2015 in “Human Gene Therapy”

The congress highlighted new gene therapy techniques and cell transplantation methods for treating diseases.