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GlossaryEpidermal Keratins

proteins that strengthen skin, hair, and nails

Epidermal keratins are a type of protein found in the outer layer of the skin, known as the epidermis. They help provide structural strength and protection to the skin, hair, and nails. These proteins are essential for maintaining the integrity and resilience of the skin, making it resistant to physical stress and environmental damage.

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research The Process of Cornification Evolved From the Initial Keratinization in the Epidermis and Epidermal Derivatives of Vertebrates: A New Synthesis and the Case of Sauropsids

73 citations , January 2016 in “International review of cell and molecular biology”

Cornification evolved from keratinization in vertebrates, with differences between mammals and sauropsids.

research Structural and Immunocytochemical Characterization of Keratinization in Vertebrate Epidermis and Epidermal Derivatives

82 citations , January 2006 in “International review of cytology”

Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.

research Ultrastructure of the contrasting types of keratinization seen in the tail epidermis of the laboratory mouseMus musculus

11 citations , January 1977 in “Archives of dermatological research”

Mouse tail skin has different keratinization near hair follicles and scales.

research A Heritable Keratinization Defect of the Superficial Epidermis in Norfolk Terriers

11 citations , March 2004 in “Journal of Comparative Pathology”

Norfolk Terriers have a genetic skin defect causing scaling and blisters due to a keratin issue.

research Embryonic keratinization in vertebrates in relation to land colonization

44 citations , May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica”

Keratinization in embryos helped vertebrates adapt to land by forming a protective skin barrier.

research Activity of type 1 5α-reductase is greater in the follicular infrainfundibulum compared with the epidermis

12 citations , February 1997 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

The enzyme type 1 5α-reductase is more active in the hair follicle's lower part than in the skin's outer layer.

research Expression of epidermal keratins and filaggrin during human fetal skin development.

292 citations , October 1985 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Keratins and filaggrin change as fetal skin develops, marking key stages of skin formation.

research Disorders of Keratinization

44 citations , January 2004 in “American journal of clinical dermatology”

Understanding genetic mutations helps diagnose and treat skin disorders like ichthyosis.

research Retinoids and Keratinization

32 citations , March 1988 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

Retinoids can help treat skin disorders by improving the skin's outer layer.

research Epidermal PPARγ Is a Key Homeostatic Regulator of Cutaneous Inflammation and Barrier Function in Mouse Skin

9 citations , August 2021 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

PPARγ is essential for maintaining healthy skin, controlling inflammation, and ensuring proper skin barrier function.

research Artificial Infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) in Rabbits Exhibits Progressive Pathological Changes, Apoptosis, and Keratinization in the Skin

1 citations , January 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

Rabbits with Sarcoptes scabiei had thicker skin, cell death, and skin hardening.

research [Difference between the hair follicle cell and epidermal keratinocyte in vitro].

February 1990 in “PubMed”

Hair follicle cells and skin cells differ in keratinization and other features.

research Increased expression of keratin 16 causes anomalies in cytoarchitecture and keratinization in transgenic mouse skin.

94 citations , October 1994 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Too much keratin 16 in mice skin causes abnormal skin thickening and structure.

research Patterns of epithelial expression of Fos protein suggest important role in the transition from viable to cornified cell during keratinization

83 citations , February 1991 in “Development”

Fos protein is crucial for cell transition to cornification in keratinized tissues.

research Immunohistochemical staining characteristics of epidermal appendages (hair follicles and eccrine sweat glands) to anti-epidermal keratin antisera

6 citations , November 1984 in “Acta Dermato Venereologica”

Hair follicles and sweat glands show different keratin staining patterns.

research Spiny keratoderma ‐ a demonstration of hair keratin and hair type keratinization

30 citations , January 1999 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

Spiny keratoderma may be ectopic hair formation on palms and soles.

research Lipid analysis of follicular casts from cyanoacrylate strips as a new method for studying therapeutic effects of antiacne agents

88 citations , July 2001 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

The method effectively measures lipid changes and drug effects on skin follicles.

research Fruit Acid Inhibits UV-Induced Skin Aging via PI3K/Akt and NF-κB Pathway Inhibition

3 citations , January 2025 in “Discovery Medicine”

Fruit acids can help prevent skin aging from UV exposure.

research Novel regenerative medicine approaches with the use of adult mesenchymal stem cells: in vitro and in vivo experimental procedures

January 2017 in “Padua@research (University of Padova)”

Adult mesenchymal stem cells show promise in improving tendon, muscle, and skin healing.

research The Ichthyoses: A Guide to Clinical Diagnosis, Genetic Counseling and Therapy

179 citations , December 1989 in “Medical Entomology and Zoology”

Effective management of ichthyoses requires genetic counseling and appropriate treatments.

research The role of disulfide bond formation in the structural transition observed in the intermediate filaments of developing hair

39 citations , June 2012 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Disulfide bonds are crucial for hair structure during keratinization.

research A previously undescribed cutaneous paraneoplastic syndrome in a cat with thymoma

2 citations , March 2019 in “Veterinary dermatology”

Thymoma in cats can cause hair loss without inflammation.

research Hair sheath keratins in follicular tumors. (5). Identification of hair sheath keratins in keratoacanthoma; Histopathological hair sheath structures in the tumor and their significance as differential histopathological criteria from squamous cell carcinoma.

January 1990 in “The Nishinihon Journal of Dermatology”

Follicular structures help differentiate keratoacanthoma from squamous cell carcinoma.

research Learning from nudity: lessons from the nude phenotype

86 citations , October 2005 in “Experimental Dermatology”

The Foxn1 gene mutation causes hairlessness and immune system issues, and understanding it could lead to hair growth disorder treatments.

research Skin iconography analysis of traumatic anserine folliculosis: Skin image feature of TAF

August 2024 in “Skin Research and Technology”

TAF can be identified by excessive skin thickening and clogged hair follicles, helping distinguish it from similar skin conditions.

research Formation and Structure of Human Hair

175 citations , January 1995 in “Birkhäuser Basel eBooks”

Human hair growth and structure are influenced by keratin proteins, genes, melanin, and lipids.

research Penetration and Local Effect of Vitamin A on the Skin of the Guinea Pig.,

45 citations , August 1954 in “Experimental Biology and Medicine”

Vitamin A penetrates guinea pig skin quickly in alcohol, affects skin thickness, but doesn't impact hair growth.

research Keratins 1 and 10 or homologues as regular constituents of inner root sheath and cuticle cells in the human hair follicle.

44 citations , August 1990 in “PubMed”

Keratins K1 and K10 are found in the inner root sheath and cuticle of human hair follicles.

research The nude gene and the skin

41 citations , October 2001 in “Experimental Dermatology”

The nude gene is important for skin and hair development.

research Abnormal Wool Growth and Alopecia of Artificially Reared Lambs

9 citations , February 1981 in “Australian journal of biological sciences”

Lambs fed a liquid diet showed abnormal wool and skin, which improved with more B-vitamins, suggesting a link to B-vitamin deficiency.