February 2026 in “British Journal of Sports Medicine” Transgender women have similar fitness to cisgender women, while transgender men have higher fat and lower strength than cisgender men; hormone therapy affects body composition and strength.
4 citations
,
December 2021 in “Pharmacological Reports” Metformin is less effective in men with early-onset hair loss.
115 citations
,
December 2017 in “Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Developmental Biology” Skin cells called dermal fibroblasts are important for skin growth, hair growth, and wound healing.
November 2022 in “Scientific Reports” Certain ESR1 gene variations may affect hormone levels and fat distribution in women with high male hormone levels.
November 2022 in “International Journal of General Medicine” Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome are more likely to have Non-Alcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease, which is associated with older age, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and high male hormone levels.
4 citations
,
March 2021 in “International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health” Women with PCOS have higher body fat and skinfold thickness, especially in the H-O-POM phenotype.
December 2024 in “Frontiers in Neurology” Testosterone with finasteride improved muscle and bone health in men with spinal cord injury.
July 2023 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Gender-affirming hormone therapy improves physical performance in trans men to the level of cisgender men, while in trans women, it increases fat mass and decreases muscle mass, with no advantage in physical performance after 2 years.
4 citations
,
June 2021 in “Applied Sciences” Women with PCOS have higher body fat and worse insulin resistance and lipid profiles.
9 citations
,
January 2022 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology” High levels of male hormones and irregular periods best predict how well PCOS patients will respond to metformin treatment.
20 citations
,
October 2008 in “European journal of endocrinology” Lower lipin 1β in belly fat is linked to insulin resistance in people with polycystic ovary syndrome.
1 citations
,
May 2023 in “Frontiers in endocrinology” A new MBTPS2 gene variant disrupts fat metabolism and collagen production, causing Osteogenesis imperfecta.
15 citations
,
August 2017 in “Scientific Reports” Young men with early hair loss have slightly worse blood sugar and fat levels, suggesting possible health risks and need for monitoring.
14 citations
,
August 2014 in “Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism” A low-starch/low-dairy diet may help overweight women with PCOS lose weight and improve metabolism, but more research is needed.
64 citations
,
August 1999 in “The American journal of medicine” The transscrotal testosterone patch normalizes hormone levels in men with AIDS and weight loss but does not improve weight, body mass, or quality of life.
506 citations
,
March 2005 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Testosterone therapy improves physical function, strength, and body composition in older men with low testosterone levels.
218 citations
,
October 2013 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America” Mice lacking the PPARγ gene in their fat cells had almost no fat tissue, severe metabolic problems, and abnormal development of other fat-related tissues.
149 citations
,
December 2007 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Women with PCOS have overall higher body fat, not abnormal fat placement, and more insulin resistance.
Increased free testosterone can lead to stronger bones and less body fat but also higher risks of prostate cancer, hair loss, spine issues, and high blood pressure.
2 citations
,
September 2020 Long-term high testosterone levels can improve bone density and reduce body fat but may increase the risk of prostate cancer and high blood pressure.
1 citations
,
October 2024 in “Cureus” Women with PCOS have higher irisin levels, which may affect their metabolism and hormones.
18 citations
,
June 1998 in “Circulation” Mild essential fatty acid deficiency can cause health issues and is worsened by low-fat diets.
October 2023 in “Advancement in yoga and physical therapy” More research is needed before using brown fat to treat polycystic ovary syndrome.
298 citations
,
July 2000 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” About 6.5% of young Caucasian women in Spain have polycystic ovary syndrome.
105 citations
,
February 2011 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Treating sleep apnea in young obese women with PCOS can improve heart health and insulin sensitivity.
13 citations
,
March 2019 in “Physiological Research” Overweight women with PCOS have higher levels of certain hormones that could indicate a higher risk of heart and metabolic problems.
8 citations
,
March 2012 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone have similar effects on body composition and metabolic health in men.
2 citations
,
November 2025 in “Cells” Adipose-derived stem cell secretome is a promising and effective treatment for skin repair.
2 citations
,
April 2023 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy” Tiny fat-derived particles can help repair soft tissues by changing immune cell types.
August 2023 in “MOJ women's health” Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) could potentially treat Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) by controlling energy balance and lipid homeostasis, but more human research is needed.