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GlossaryGenetic Variants

differences in DNA sequence among individuals

Genetic variants, also known as genetic polymorphisms, are differences in the DNA sequence among individuals. These variations can affect how genes function and can influence traits such as hair color, susceptibility to diseases like alopecia, and response to medications. While some genetic variants have no impact on health, others can be significant in understanding genetic predispositions and developing personalized medical treatments.

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research Genetic Variation in the Human Androgen Receptor Gene Is the Major Determinant of Common Early-Onset Androgenetic Alopecia

195 citations , June 2005 in “American Journal of Human Genetics”

Genetic variation in the androgen receptor gene mainly causes early-onset hair loss, with maternal inheritance playing a key role.

Racial Variations in COVID-19 Deaths May Be Due to Androgen Receptor Genetic Variants Associated with Prostate Cancer and Androgenetic Alopecia. Are Anti-Androgens a Potential Treatment for COVID-19?

research Racial variations in COVID‐19 deaths may be due to androgen receptor genetic variants associated with prostate cancer and androgenetic alopecia. Are anti‐androgens a potential treatment for COVID‐19?

71 citations , April 2020 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

Genetic differences may affect COVID-19 deaths; anti-androgens could be potential treatment.

research Genetic Variants Associated with Hyperandrogenemia in PCOS Pathophysiology

29 citations , February 2018 in “Genetics research international”

Certain genetic variations are linked to increased androgen levels in PCOS, but more research is needed to understand these connections fully.

research Genetic variants in pachyonychia congenita-associated keratins increase susceptibility to tooth decay

21 citations , January 2018 in “PLoS Genetics”

Certain genetic variants in keratins increase the risk of tooth decay.

research Alopecia Areata: A Review of the Genetic Variants and Immunodeficiency Disorders Associated with Alopecia Areata

10 citations , January 2023 in “Skin Appendage Disorders”

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune hair loss condition linked to genetic factors.

research Genetic Variants at 20p11 Confer Risk to Androgenetic Alopecia in the Chinese Han Population

9 citations , August 2013 in “PLOS ONE”

Genetic variants at 20p11 increase baldness risk in Chinese Han people.

Association of Rs231775 Genetic Variant of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 with Alopecia Areata Disease in Males: A Case-Control Study

research Association of Rs231775 Genetic Variant of Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 with Alopecia Areata Disease in Males: A Case–Control Study

7 citations , July 2020 in “Immunological Investigations”

The rs231775 genetic variant is linked to a higher risk and severity of Alopecia Areata in males.

Minoxidil Sulfotransferase Enzyme (SULT1A1) Genetic Variants Predict Response to Oral Minoxidil Treatment for Female Pattern Hair Loss

research Minoxidil Sulfotransferase Enzyme (SULT1A1) genetic variants predicts response to oral minoxidil treatment for female pattern hair loss

7 citations , June 2020 in “Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Genetic variants affect minoxidil hair loss treatment success.

research Genetic variants in AR and SHBG and resistance to hormonal castration in prostate cancer

6 citations , February 2013 in “Medical Oncology”

Certain genetic variants increase the risk of resistance to hormone therapy in prostate cancer patients.

research Genetic Variants and Protective Immunity against SARS-CoV-2

5 citations , December 2022 in “Genes”

Genetic differences affect how people respond to COVID-19.

research Genetic variations associated with response to dutasteride in the treatment of male subjects with androgenetic alopecia

3 citations , September 2019 in “PLOS ONE”

Genetic variations affect dutasteride treatment response for male pattern hair loss.

research Genetic variation in the ovine KAP22-1 gene and its effect on wool traits in Egyptian sheep

3 citations , August 2022 in “Archives animal breeding/Archiv für Tierzucht”

Certain genetic changes in the KAP22-1 gene are linked to better wool quality in Egyptian sheep.

research Genetic Variant of the Canine FGF5 Gene for the Hair Length Trait in the Akita: Utility for Hair Coat Variations and Welfare in Conservation Breeding

August 2025 in “Genes”

The FGF5 gene variant causes long hair in Akitas, and genetic testing is advised to manage coat length and welfare.

Genetic Variation in CYP2B6, UGT1A4, and Sulfotransferases Is Associated with Disease-Free Survival in South African Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Tamoxifen

research Genetic Variation in CYP2B6, UGT1A4 and Sulfotransferases Is Associated with Disease-Free Survival in South African Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Tamoxifen

March 2026 in “Journal of Personalized Medicine”

Genetic differences affect breast cancer treatment success with tamoxifen in South African patients.

research Genetic variants in androgenetic alopecia: insights from scalp RNA sequencing data

August 2024 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Certain genetic variants and pathways are linked to hair loss.

research Genetic Association Between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the APOA5 rs662799 and PLIN1 rs894160 Metabolic Variants in the Western Saudi Population: A Case-Control Study

January 2024 in “Biomarker Insights”

Certain genetic variants may increase the risk of developing PCOS.

Genetic Variants and Lifestyle Factors in Androgenetic Alopecia Patients: A Case-Control Study of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Their Contribution to Baldness Risk

research Genetic Variants and Lifestyle Factors in Androgenetic Alopecia Patients: A Case–Control Study of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Their Contribution to Baldness Risk

January 2025 in “Nutrients”

Genetic factors and diet significantly increase the risk of male pattern baldness.

research THE GENETICS OF CYP GENE VARIANTS IN ASSOCIATION WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

December 2024 in “Era s journal of medical research”

Genetic variants in CYP genes may worsen PCOS symptoms.

research Genetic Variation at the MC1R Locus and the Time since Loss of Human Body Hair

152 citations , January 2004 in “Current anthropology”

Humans lost body hair relatively recently in evolution.

research Dissection of genetic variation and evidence for pleiotropy in male pattern baldness

58 citations , December 2018 in “Nature Communications”

Male pattern baldness is mostly inherited, involves many genes, and is linked to other traits like early puberty and strong bones.

research A genetic electrophoretic variant of high-sulfur hair proteins for forensic hair comparisons. I. Characterization of variant high-sulfur proteins of human hair.

February 1989 in “PubMed”

A genetic hair protein variant is more common in Japanese people and is inherited.

research Geographic Variation and Host Genetics Shape the Human Skin Microbiome

May 2025

Geography affects skin microbiome more than genetics, but genetics still play a role.

research A genome‐wide association study identified a genetic variant associated with hair thinning in Japanese women

March 2023 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

A genetic variant linked to hair thinning in Japanese women was found.

research 8368 Functional Evaluation Of Novel CYP21A2 Variants: Expanding The Genetic Basis Of Non-classic CAH

October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society”

Certain genetic variants reduce enzyme activity, contributing to non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Functional Evaluation of Novel CYP21A2 Variants: Expanding the Genetic Basis of Non-Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

research 9209 Functional Evaluation Of Novel CYP21A2 Variants: Expanding The Genetic Basis Of Non-classic CAH

October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society”

Certain genetic variants impair enzyme activity, contributing to non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

research The impact of certain genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms) on incidence and severity of COVID‐19

7 citations , January 2021 in “The journal of gene medicine”

Certain genetic differences may affect how likely someone is to get COVID-19 and how severe it might be.

research Tru9I Variant as a Novel Genetic Marker for Vitamin D Deficiency in Alopecia Areata

March 2025 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology”

The Tru9I variant in the VDR gene may influence alopecia areata risk and vitamin D levels.

research A genetic electrophoretic variant of high-sulfur hair proteins for forensic hair comparisons. II. Practical application of electrophoretic analysis of hair protein to forensic hair comparisons.

1 citations , February 1989 in “PubMed”

Electrophoresis can effectively analyze hair proteins for forensic use, even after cosmetic treatments and up to 2 years of weathering.

Androgen Receptor Genetic Variant Predicts COVID-19 Disease Severity: A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Hospitalized COVID-19 Male Patients

research Androgen receptor genetic variant predicts COVID‐19 disease severity: a prospective longitudinal study of hospitalized COVID‐19 male patients

26 citations , September 2020 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

A certain genetic variant in the androgen receptor may predict the severity of COVID-19 in men.

Resequencing and Signatures of Selective Scans Point to Candidate Genetic Variants for Hair Length Traits in Long-Haired and Normal-Haired Tianzhu White Yak

research Resequencing and Signatures of Selective Scans Point to Candidate Genetic Variants for Hair Length Traits in Long-Haired and Normal-Haired Tianzhu White Yak

7 citations , March 2022 in “Frontiers in Genetics”

The research found specific genes that may cause longer hair in Tianzhu White Yak.