149 citations
,
December 2007 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Women with PCOS have overall higher body fat, not abnormal fat placement, and more insulin resistance.
15 citations
,
January 2002 in “Gynecological endocrinology” Hormones affect skin aging and fat distribution, and treatments can help, but only minoxidil is proven for female hair loss.
44 citations
,
April 2008 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Women with PCOS have similar levels of certain proteins compared to women without PCOS, and these proteins don't independently cause PCOS.
21 citations
,
April 2011 in “Physiological Research” Normal levels of DHT can reduce belly fat and increase muscle, but too much can lead to hair loss, prostate issues, and possibly heart disease.
8 citations
,
March 2012 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology” Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone have similar effects on body composition and metabolic health in men.
MFN2 mutations cause mitochondrial problems, unusual fat distribution, and low leptin despite high body fat.
MFN2 mutations cause mitochondrial problems, leading to more upper body fat and lower leptin levels.
December 2025 in “IntechOpen eBooks” BMI is not enough for assessing obesity in women; use more personalized tools.
102 citations
,
January 2010 in “Mediators of Inflammation” PCOS is linked to obesity and inflammation, increasing cardiovascular risk.
December 2015 in “University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)” AKR1C3 could be a treatment target for metabolic issues in PCOS.
December 2023 in “Frontiers in endocrinology” Excess androgens may cause PCOS, not just be a symptom.
13 citations
,
January 2016 in “Burns & Trauma” Vacuum massage may improve skin elasticity and induce changes in skin cells, but evidence for treating burn scars is insufficient and more research is needed.
2 citations
,
July 2024 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” More research is needed to understand how adipose-derived stem cells affect liver cancer treatment.
6 citations
,
July 2018 in “Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery” Following recommended practices can make gluteal fat transplantation safer.
September 2018 in “Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open” Ultrasound helps in safe fat transfer for buttock augmentation, but it's costly and time-consuming; the fat transfer technique is effective with high patient satisfaction.
September 2018 in “Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open” Using real-time ultrasound during gluteal fat grafting is safe and reduces complication risks.
4 citations
,
May 2023 in “Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery” Adipose tissue helps skin expand by increasing blood vessels and cell growth.
18 citations
,
May 2018 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” Human body's immune cells are more common in the layer of fat just beneath the skin than in deeper fat layers.
23 citations
,
January 2017 in “Current Rheumatology Reports” Unique fat cells near fibrotic areas contribute to systemic sclerosis progression.
1 citations
,
January 2024 in “Skin research and technology” Deoxycholic acid is FDA-approved for reducing submental fat, but its mechanisms are not fully understood.
39 citations
,
March 2009 in “Clinics in plastic surgery” Injection lipolysis effectively reduces small fat deposits and should be done with care and proper patient selection.
1 citations
,
November 2024 in “Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery” This treatment effectively reduces dark circles by improving volume and skin quality.
6 citations
,
January 2019 in “The American Journal of Dermatopathology” The conclusion is that fat tissue in the skin is a new finding in Frontal fibrosing alopecia and may contribute to hair follicle and muscle degeneration.
11 citations
,
January 1992 in “PubMed” TGF-beta 1 and IGF-II mRNA have specific patterns in pig subcutaneous tissue, affecting fat and muscle development.
1 citations
,
June 2015 in “Experimental Dermatology” Fat may help skin health and repair, but more research is needed.
September 2025 in “Skin Research and Technology”
4 citations
,
November 2023 in “Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin” The serum reduced thigh fat and improved skin firmness.
January 2025 in “Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum” Liposuction and fat grafting safely improve back muscle definition and body contour.
218 citations
,
May 2014 in “Experimental Dermatology” Skin fat cells help with skin balance, hair growth, and healing wounds.
1 citations
,
June 2001 in “Annals of Internal Medicine” Troglitazone increases subcutaneous fat in lipodystrophy patients.