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GlossaryKeratinization

process where skin cells produce keratin and become tough

Keratinization, also known as cornification, is the biological process by which keratin, a protective protein, is produced and accumulated in cells of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. This process results in the formation of a tough, protective layer of dead cells that helps to prevent water loss and protect against environmental damage, pathogens, and physical abrasion.

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research Outer root sheath keratinization in anagen and catagen of the mammalian hair follicle. A seventh distinct type of keratinization in the hair follicle: trichilemmal keratinization.

59 citations , August 1981 in “PubMed”

Trichilemmal keratinization is a unique process in hair follicles where the outer root sheath turns into keratin without a specific layer.

research Keratinisation status and cytokeratins of the human Meibomian gland epithelium

5 citations , September 2009 in “Acta Ophthalmologica”

Hyper-keratinisation in Meibomian glands contributes to gland dysfunction.

research Disorders of Keratinization

November 2014

The chapter explains that there are many genetic skin disorders affecting skin cell formation, including both common and rare types.

research Keratinization and its Disorders

95 citations , September 2012 in “Oman Medical Journal”

Mutations in keratin genes can cause skin and mucosa disorders.

research Increased expression of keratin 16 causes anomalies in cytoarchitecture and keratinization in transgenic mouse skin.

94 citations , October 1994 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Too much keratin 16 in mice skin causes abnormal skin thickening and structure.

research Patterns of epithelial expression of Fos protein suggest important role in the transition from viable to cornified cell during keratinization

83 citations , February 1991 in “Development”

Fos protein is crucial for cell transition to cornification in keratinized tissues.

research Structural and Immunocytochemical Characterization of Keratinization in Vertebrate Epidermis and Epidermal Derivatives

82 citations , January 2006 in “International review of cytology”

Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.

research The Process of Cornification Evolved From the Initial Keratinization in the Epidermis and Epidermal Derivatives of Vertebrates: A New Synthesis and the Case of Sauropsids

73 citations , January 2016 in “International review of cell and molecular biology”

Cornification evolved from keratinization in vertebrates, with differences between mammals and sauropsids.

research Embryonic keratinization in vertebrates in relation to land colonization

44 citations , May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica”

Keratinization in embryos helped vertebrates adapt to land by forming a protective skin barrier.

research Disorders of Keratinization

44 citations , January 2004 in “American journal of clinical dermatology”

Understanding genetic mutations helps diagnose and treat skin disorders like ichthyosis.

research Hidradenitis Suppurativa as a Potential Subtype of Autoinflammatory Keratinization Disease

41 citations , May 2020 in “Frontiers in immunology”

Hidradenitis suppurativa might be a type of autoinflammatory skin disease.

research Retinoids and Keratinization

32 citations , March 1988 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

Retinoids can help treat skin disorders by improving the skin's outer layer.

research Spiny keratoderma ‐ a demonstration of hair keratin and hair type keratinization

30 citations , January 1999 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

Spiny keratoderma may be ectopic hair formation on palms and soles.

research Study of the keratinization process in human hair follicle by X-ray microdiffraction.

28 citations , July 2000 in “PubMed”

Hair structure forms the same way inside and outside the body.

research Keratinization of sheath and calamus cells in developing and regenerating feathers

26 citations , August 2007 in “Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger”

Feathers become harder as they develop due to a change in keratin type.

research Structural changes in trichocyte keratin intermediate filaments during keratinization

23 citations , April 2003 in “Journal of Structural Biology”

Keratin structure changes during keratinization, but the exact model remains uncertain.

research Effects of cepharanthine and minoxidil on proliferation, differentiation and keratinization of cultured cells from the murine hair apparatus

23 citations , September 1992 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Cepharanthine and minoxidil promote cell growth and delay hair cell maturation.

research HAIR KERATINIZATION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

22 citations , October 1996 in “Dermatologic clinics”

Understanding intermediate filaments helps explain hair health and related diseases.

research Molecular Genetics of Keratinization Disorders – What’s New About Ichthyosis

18 citations , January 2020 in “Acta dermato-venereologica”

Over 67 genes linked to ichthyosis help improve diagnosis and treatment.

research Glycoconjugate expression of cells of human anagen hair follicles during keratinization

12 citations , September 1990 in “The Anatomical Record”

Human anagen hair follicles have unique carbohydrate patterns during keratinization.

research A Heritable Keratinization Defect of the Superficial Epidermis in Norfolk Terriers

11 citations , March 2004 in “Journal of Comparative Pathology”

Norfolk Terriers have a genetic skin defect causing scaling and blisters due to a keratin issue.

research Ultrastructure of the contrasting types of keratinization seen in the tail epidermis of the laboratory mouseMus musculus

11 citations , January 1977 in “Archives of dermatological research”

Mouse tail skin has different keratinization near hair follicles and scales.

research Keratinization of outer root sheath cells is prevented by contact with inner root sheath of rat hair follicles

9 citations , July 2008 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

research Pili Trianguli et Canaliculi Is a Defect of Inner Root Sheath Keratinization

8 citations , May 2005 in “The American journal of dermatopathology/American journal of dermatopathology”

The hair defect is due to abnormal inner root sheath keratinization.

research Key Factors in the Complex and Coordinated Network of Skin Keratinization: Their Significance and Involvement in Common Skin Conditions

2 citations , December 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

Understanding keratinization is crucial for treating skin conditions like ichthyoses and psoriasis.

research Artificial Infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) in Rabbits Exhibits Progressive Pathological Changes, Apoptosis, and Keratinization in the Skin

1 citations , January 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

Rabbits with Sarcoptes scabiei had thicker skin, cell death, and skin hardening.

research Transcriptomics sequencing reveals Qu-shi-yu-fa Decoction promotes hair cycle and keratinization by upregulating FOXN1 and TGM3 to treat androgenetic alopecia

May 2025 in “Phytomedicine”

Qu-shi-yu-fa Decoction may help treat hair loss by promoting hair growth and strengthening.

research Qu-Shi-Yu-Fa Decoction Promotes Hair Cycle and Keratinization by Upregulating Foxn1 and Tgm3 to Treat Androgenetic Alopecia

January 2024

Qu-shi-yu-fa Decoction may help treat hair loss by promoting hair growth and strengthening hair follicles.

research Keratosis Pilaris Is a Keratinization of Hair Follicles

March 2023 in “International journal of integrated medical research”

Keratosis pilaris is a common skin condition where hair follicles get clogged with keratin, mostly on the arms and thighs.

research Faculty Opinions recommendation of Hidradenitis suppurativa as a potential subtype of autoinflammatory keratinization disease.

December 2020 in “Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature”

Hidradenitis suppurativa may be a type of autoinflammatory skin disease linked to gene mutations and immune system issues.