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GlossarySerum Levels

amount of a substance in the blood's liquid component

Serum levels, also known as blood serum levels or serum concentration, refer to the amount of a specific substance present in the liquid part of the blood after the blood has clotted and the cells have been removed. These measurements are crucial for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, as they can indicate the presence and severity of diseases, the effectiveness of treatments, or the body's response to medications.

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research Serum Level of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in Egyptians With Alopecia Areata and Its Relation to the Clinical Severity of the Disease

13 citations , March 2014 in “Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis”

Higher MIF levels in alopecia areata patients suggest it could be a treatment target and disease predictor.

Increased Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in the Sera of Patients with Extensive Alopecia Areata

research Increased Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in the Sera of Patients with Extensive Alopecia Areata

14 citations , March 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Patients with severe alopecia areata have higher levels of MIF, which decrease after successful treatment.

research Gender Differences in Production and Circulating Levels of Sex Hormones and Their Impact on Aging Skin

September 2014 in “Springer eBooks”

Men and women experience skin aging differently due to changes in sex hormone levels with age.

research Androgen receptor gene CAG repeat polymorphism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

44 citations , January 2008 in “Fertility and Sterility”

Longer CAG repeat lengths in the androgen receptor gene are linked to higher testosterone levels in women with PCOS.

research Etiopathogenesis of Alopecia Areata

2 citations , February 2014 in “Hair therapy & transplantation”

Alopecia Areata is an autoimmune condition causing hair loss, influenced by genetics, environment, and possibly improved by anti-MIF therapy, with many patients experiencing regrowth within a year.

research Malassezia and the Asian menopausal skin

June 2025

Menopause-related skin changes may increase fungal infections and inflammation.

research IL6 is correlated with metabolic syndrome parameters in oral lichen planus

November 2015

IL6 is linked to higher risk of heart disease in people with a certain mouth condition.

research Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in hidradenitis suppurativa: the link between deviated immunity and metabolism

5 citations , March 2023 in “Archives of dermatological research”

Increased HIF-1α is linked to the inflammation and severity of hidradenitis suppurativa, suggesting treatments that lower HIF-1α could help.

research Maintenance of Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Is Linked to Prevention of NK Cell Attack

253 citations , December 2007 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Hair follicles prevent NK cell attacks to avoid hair loss.

research 260 Establishment and characterization of human sebocytic progenitor cells that can differentiate into functional sebocytes

September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Researchers created human cells that can turn into sebocytes, which may help study and treat skin conditions like acne.

research Is seborrhea a sign of autonomic impairment in Parkinson's disease?

46 citations , November 1997 in “Journal of Neural Transmission”

Seborrhea in Parkinson's disease may be linked to hormones, not autonomic impairment.

Immunohistochemical Insight Into the Association Between the Collapse of Immune Privilege in the Sweat Gland and Syringotropic Immune Cell Infiltrates in Collagen Diseases

research 259 Immunohistochemical insight into the association between the collapse of immune privilege in the sweat gland and syringotropic immune cell infiltrates in collagen diseases

September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The study found that sweat glands normally suppress immune responses, but this is disrupted in certain skin diseases, possibly contributing to their development.

Migration Inhibitory Factor in Conditioned Medium from Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Stimulates Hair Growth

research Migration Inhibitory Factor in Conditioned Medium from Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Stimulates Hair Growth

19 citations , May 2020 in “Cells”

Substance from human umbilical cord blood cells promotes hair growth.

Evidence-Based and Potential Benefits of Metformin in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

research Evidence-Based and Potential Benefits of Metformin in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

343 citations , December 2008 in “Endocrine Reviews”

Metformin helps with menstrual cycles and insulin levels in PCOS but is less effective for hair growth, diabetes prevention, and weight loss, and may improve fertility and reduce diabetes risk.

research Genetically predicted levels of circulating cytokines and the risk of six immune skin diseases: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

8 citations , October 2023 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

Certain cytokines may cause or be affected by immune skin diseases, suggesting possible new treatments.

research Analysis of the microRNA expression profile of normal human dermal papilla cells treated with 5α-dihydrotestosterone

22 citations , March 2012 in “Molecular Medicine Reports”

DHT affects hair follicle cells by changing microRNA levels, leading to less cell growth and more cell death.

research Insulin resistance is increased in alopecia areata patients

18 citations , August 2012 in “Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology”

People with alopecia areata have higher insulin resistance.

Proceedings Of The 17th International Scientific And Practical Conference

research Proceedings of the XVII International Scientific and Practical Conference

April 2026

Technology expands design thinking possibilities, requiring a hybrid, reflective approach.

research 256 Expression patterns of the Siah genes in postnatal mouse skin

September 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The Siah1 and Siah2 genes are active in mouse skin development and hair growth, especially right after birth.

research TECHNOLOGY AS AN EXTENSION OF MAN: THE LIMITS OF THE POSSIBLE AND NEW PARADIGMS

April 2026

Technology enhances human design thinking, creating new possibilities.

The 46th Annual Meeting of the Irish Endocrine Society Programme and Abstracts 2022

research The 46th Annual Meeting of the Irish Endocrine Society Meeting Programme and Abstracts 2022

October 2024 in “Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -)”

Electrical stimulation with a low-calorie diet reduces appetite, weight, and blood pressure in obese people with sleep apnea.

research Hormone replacement therapy in morphine-induced hypogonadic male chronic pain patients

74 citations , January 2011 in “Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology”

Testosterone therapy can improve hormone levels and quality of life in men with morphine-induced hormone issues.

research Effects of the α-ketoglutaric acid on the performance, hair follicle development and antioxidant capacity of Rex rabbits

August 2025 in “Animal nutrition”

α-Ketoglutaric acid improves hair growth, rabbit performance, and antioxidant levels.

research Altered FGF expression profile in human scalp-derived fibroblasts upon WNT activation: implication of their role to provide folliculogenetic microenvironment

17 citations , September 2020 in “Inflammation and Regeneration”

WNT activation in scalp fibroblasts boosts hair growth by increasing FGF9.

research Extracellular vesicles in age-related diseases: disease pathogenesis, intervention, and biomarker

9 citations , May 2025 in “Stem Cell Research & Therapy”

Extracellular vesicles can both worsen and help treat age-related diseases and are useful for early diagnosis.

research A Study of Correlation of Alopecia Areata and Metabolic Syndrome in Northwest Indian Population

5 citations , March 2023 in “International Journal of Trichology”

Alopecia areata patients may have higher cardiovascular risk factors, so screening for metabolic syndrome components is suggested.

research CD169+ Skin Macrophages Function as a Specialized Subpopulation in Promoting Psoriasis-like Skin Disease in Mice

2 citations , May 2024 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Targeting CD169+ skin macrophages may help treat psoriasis.

research Carotid Intima Media Thickness Measurement in Alopecia Areata Patients

January 2025 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

Alopecia areata patients don't have increased atherosclerosis risk, but may have higher cardiovascular risk due to smoking, blood sugar, and blood pressure.

Smad1 and Smad5 but Not Smad8 Establish Stem Cell Quiescence Critical for Transforming Premature Hair Follicles During Morphogenesis to the Postnatal State

research Smad1 and 5 but Not Smad8 Establish Stem Cell Quiescence Which Is Critical to Transform the Premature Hair Follicle During Morphogenesis Toward the Postnatal State

31 citations , September 2013 in “Stem Cells”

Smad1 and Smad5 are essential for hair follicle development and stem cell sleepiness.

The Activin Binding Proteins Follistatin and Follistatin-Related Protein Are Differentially Regulated In Vitro and During Cutaneous Wound Repair

research The activin binding proteins follistatin and follistatin-related protein are differentially regulated in vitro and during cutaneous wound repair

46 citations , December 2001 in “Journal of Endocrinology/Journal of endocrinology”

FLRG and follistatin have different roles in wound healing.