Experimental Models and Molecular Pathogenesis: An Integrated Review of Alopecia

This review highlights the challenges in developing effective therapies for alopecia due to a disconnect between mechanistic discoveries and the physiological relevance of preclinical models. It examines the pathogenic mechanisms of major hair loss disorders and evaluates experimental models like transgenic mice and xenografts. While these models have provided insights into androgen signaling, immune privilege collapse, and follicular cytotoxicity, they fall short in replicating the chronicity and complexity of human disease. The review calls for a shift towards integrated, human-relevant systems, such as immune-competent organoids and engineered tissue platforms, to enhance translational research and develop next-generation models.