April 2015 in “Reactions Weekly” Some elderly men had healing problems after using imiquimod and diclofenac for skin conditions on their scalps.
42 citations
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January 1998 in “BioDrugs” Azathioprine's effectiveness and safety require careful monitoring and more research, especially regarding its use with corticosteroids and the role of TPMT status in patients.
August 2023 in “Dermatology and Therapy” Imiquimod can cause rare skin side effects, some irreversible, and long-term follow-up is important for users.
February 2025 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” Mogamulizumab can cause hair loss, often linked to a better treatment response.
ILC1-like cells can independently cause alopecia areata by affecting hair follicles.
19 citations
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January 1993 in “Dermatologic Clinics” November 2025 in “The Journal of Dermatology” Nemolizumab improved both severe atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata in one patient.
1 citations
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November 2016 in “Saengmyeong gwahag hoeji/Saengmyeong gwahak hoeji” New treatments for the autoimmune hair loss condition alopecia areata may include JAK inhibitors and other immunomodulators.
4 citations
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February 2024 in “Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia”
31 citations
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February 2014 in “Inflammation Research” Lower CD200R1 on certain immune cells is linked to more severe rheumatoid arthritis and immune imbalance.
November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Statins may help treat alopecia areata by reducing harmful immune interactions.
38 citations
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September 2004 in “Journal of Autoimmunity” Alopecia areata patients have more activated T cells in their blood, which may help in developing treatments.
2 citations
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January 2025 in “Journal of Clinical Immunology”
278 citations
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March 2013 in “Gut” Anti-IL-12/IL-23 antibody therapy effectively treats psoriasiform skin lesions in IBD patients.
8 citations
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November 2017 in “Current problems in dermatology” Cancer treatments targeting specific cells often cause skin problems, which can affect how much medicine patients can take.
2 citations
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September 2025 in “Antioxidants” Antioxidant nanoparticles show promise for treating inflammatory diseases but need more research for safe and effective use.
2 citations
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June 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”
5 citations
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January 2021 in “Inflammatory Bowel Diseases” Tofacitinib improved ulcerative colitis, skin ulcers, and hair loss in a patient who didn't respond well to other treatments.
2 citations
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May 2024 in “The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology” Tacrolimus treatment for autoimmune hepatitis can cause hair loss.
April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Both Th1 and Th2 immune responses are increased in alopecia areata, with Th2 response more strongly linked to how severe the disease is.
CD4 T cells need IFN-γ to cause hair loss in alopecia areata.
4 citations
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October 2020 in “Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas” Common dermatology drugs were considered but are controversial for COVID-19 treatment.
2 citations
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September 2024 in “Internal Medicine Journal” Upadacitinib helped regrow hair and maintain ulcerative colitis remission.
September 2025 in “Figshare” Alopecia areata involves complex immune activity, mainly Th1, with potential benefits from broader immune treatments.
Topical corticosteroids are effective for skin conditions but can have side effects.
18 citations
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January 2021 in “Theranostics” The targeted nanohybrids effectively reduced psoriasis symptoms and improved skin health.
May 2020 in “JAAD case reports” Using anthralin and calcipotriene together might help treat tough cases of alopecia areata, but more research is needed to understand how it works.
14 citations
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January 2024 in “Skin Research and Technology” The study suggested certain immune cells might cause alopecia areata, but it was retracted.
139 citations
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February 2010 in “The journal of allergy and clinical immunology/Journal of allergy and clinical immunology/The journal of allergy and clinical immunology” Transplant success has improved with better immunosuppressive drugs and donor matching.
7 citations
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December 2016 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” NKG2D+CD4+ T cells are higher in alopecia areata patients and may be involved in the disease.