Immunopathogenesis and Experimental Models of Alopecia Areata: From Mechanistic Insights to Translational Platforms
May 2026
in “
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
”
Research cited in this study
91 / 91 resultsresearch Alopecia Areata
research TH1 Effector CD4 T Cells Rely on IFN-γ Production to Induce Alopecia Areata
IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells is crucial for causing alopecia areata.
research Multiomics Analysis of the Response to Ritlecitinib in Alopecia Areata Subtypes and Correlation With Efficacy
Ritlecitinib helps reduce inflammation and promote hair regrowth in alopecia areata, especially in patchy-type cases.
research Correlation Between Increased Total Serum IgE Levels and Clinical Features in Alopecia Areata Patients
Higher IgE levels may play a role in alopecia areata, especially in males, children, and severe cases.
research Macrophage-Centric Immunometabolic Crosstalk in Alopecia Areata Pathogenesis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications
research IKZF1 and Ikaros Overexpression Results in Alopecia Areata-Like Phenotype in Mice
Overexpression of IKZF1 and Ikaros causes hair loss in mice similar to alopecia areata.
research Hair Follicle Stem Cells and the Collapse of Self-Tolerance in Alopecia: The Interplay of Barrier Function, the Microbiome, and Immunity
JAK inhibitors may reverse early hair loss, but prolonged inflammation can cause permanent hair loss.
research Baricitinib Withdrawal and Retreatment in Patients With Severe Alopecia Areata
Continuous baricitinib is needed to keep hair regrowth in severe alopecia areata.
research Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Promote Percutaneous Absorption and Hair Follicle Targeting of Tofacitinib for Treating Alopecia Areata
Nanostructured lipid carriers effectively deliver tofacitinib to hair follicles, reversing hair loss in alopecia areata.
research Amygdalin Ameliorates Alopecia Areata on C3H/HeJ Mice by Inhibiting Inflammation Through JAK2/STAT3 Pathway
research Interleukin-15 Is a Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Guardian
Interleukin-15 can help hair growth and protect hair follicles.
research Regulatory T Cells in Skin Mediate Immune Privilege of the Hair Follicle Stem Cell Niche
Regulatory T cells protect hair follicle stem cells by maintaining immune privilege in the skin.
research Concurrent Eosinophilia Increases the Prevalence of Nail Abnormalities and Severity of Hair Loss in Patients With Alopecia Areata
Patients with alopecia areata and eosinophilia have more nail issues and severe hair loss.
research Inflammatory Loops in the Epithelial-Immune Microenvironment of the Skin and Skin Appendages in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
Chronic inflammatory skin diseases are caused by disrupted interactions between skin cells and immune cells.
research Janus Kinase Inhibitors for Alopecia Areata
JAK inhibitors offer new hope for treating severe alopecia areata.
research Functional Interrogation of Lymphocyte Subsets in Alopecia Areata Using Single-Cell RNA Sequencing
CD8+ T cells drive alopecia areata, while regulatory T cells are protective.
research Review of Superficial Cryotherapy for the Treatment of Alopecia Areata
Cryotherapy may help hair regrowth in alopecia areata with possibly lower relapse rates than steroids.
research Oxidative Stress and Alopecia Areata
Oxidative stress may contribute to hair loss in alopecia areata and antioxidants could potentially help as a treatment.
research Allergen Desensitization Reduces the Severity of Relapsed Alopecia Areata in Dust-Mite Allergic Patients
Allergen desensitization reduces hair loss severity in dust-mite allergic alopecia areata patients.
research Efficacy and Safety of Ritlecitinib in Adults and Adolescents With Alopecia Areata: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Multicentre, Phase 2b–3 Trial
Ritlecitinib effectively treats alopecia areata and is well-tolerated.
research Involvement of ILC1-Like Innate Lymphocytes in Human Autoimmunity: Lessons from Alopecia Areata
ILC1-like cells can independently cause alopecia areata.
research AIRE Deficiency Leads to the Development of Alopecia Areata-Like Lesions in Mice
AIRE deficiency causes hair loss similar to alopecia areata in mice.
research Autoantigen Discovery in the Hair Loss Disorder, Alopecia Areata: Implications of Post-Translational Modifications
New protein changes may be involved in the immune attack on hair follicles in alopecia areata.
research Ritlecitinib And Brepocitinib Demonstrate Significant Improvement In Scalp Alopecia Areata Biomarkers
Two drugs, ritlecitinib and brepocitinib, improved scalp hair loss condition markers.
research Effect of PTPN22, FAS/FASL, IL2RA, and CTLA4 Genetic Polymorphisms on Alopecia Areata Risk: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
The T allele of the PTPN22 gene may increase the risk of alopecia areata.
research Resident Human Dermal Gamma Delta T-Cells Operate as Stress Sentinels: Lessons from the Hair Follicle
Human dermal γδT-cells respond to stress in hair follicles, contributing to hair loss.
research Hair Follicle Germs Containing Vascular Endothelial Cells for Hair Regenerative Medicine
Adding human blood vessel cells to hair follicle germs may improve hair growth and quality.
research The Antiinflammatory Effects of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction on C3H/HeJ Mice With Alopecia Areata
research Hair Follicle Immune Privilege and Its Collapse in Alopecia Areata
Hair follicles are normally protected from the immune system, but when this protection fails, it can cause hair loss in alopecia areata.
research Alopecia Areata Susceptibility Variant in MHC Region Impacts Expressions of Genes Contributing to Hair Keratinization and Is Involved in Hair Loss
A gene variant increases the risk of a type of hair loss by affecting hair protein production.
research Hair-Bearing Human Skin Generated Entirely From Pluripotent Stem Cells
Scientists created human skin with hair from stem cells, which could help treat hair loss and skin conditions.
research Alopecia Areata in 2 Patients Treated with Dupilumab: New Onset and Worsening
Dupilumab for atopic dermatitis may cause new or worsen existing alopecia areata.
research Alopecia Areata Patients Show Deficiency of FOXP3+CD39+ T Regulatory Cells and Clonotypic Restriction of Treg TCRβ-Chain, Highlighting the Immunopathological Aspect of the Disease
Patients with Alopecia areata have fewer specific immune cells that normally regulate the immune system, which may contribute to the condition.
research Nonscarring Alopecia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Cross-Sectional Study with Trichoscopic, Histopathologic, and Immunopathologic Analyses
Hair loss in lupus patients indicates higher disease activity.
research Tissue Engineering of Human Hair Follicles Using a Biomimetic Developmental Approach
Researchers created human hair follicles using a new method that could help treat hair loss.
research What Is Behind the 'Swarm of Bees' in Alopecia Areata
Alopecia areata is caused by immune system issues, and JAK inhibitors might help treat it.
research Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy on Alopecia Areata in Cellular and Hair Follicle Organ Culture Models
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy may help treat alopecia areata by promoting hair growth and reducing inflammation.
research High-Throughput T Cell Receptor Sequencing Identifies Clonally Expanded CD8+ T Cell Populations in Alopecia Areata
CD8+ T cells are involved in alopecia areata and may cause disease relapse.
research Alopecias in Lupus Erythematosus
Different types of hair loss in lupus need careful diagnosis for proper treatment.
research An Integrated Model of Alopecia Areata Biomarkers Highlights Both TH1 and TH2 Upregulation
Alopecia areata severity is linked to increased TH1 and TH2 activity.
research iNKT Cells Ameliorate Human Autoimmunity: Lessons from Alopecia Areata
iNKT cells can help prevent and treat alopecia areata by promoting hair regrowth.
research Horizontal and Vertical Sections of Scalp Biopsy Specimens from Dermatomyositis Patients with Scalp Involvement
Scalp biopsies from dermatomyositis patients show chronic hair loss without scarring, with mucin and blood vessel changes being very common.
research Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Revisited: The Key to Alopecia Areata Management
Restoring hair bulb immune privilege is crucial for managing alopecia areata.
research Spontaneous Hair Follicle Germ Formation In Vitro, Enabling The Large-Scale Production Of HFGs For Regenerative Medicine
Researchers found a new way to create hair-growing structures in the lab that can grow hair when put into mice.
research Increased Expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in Dermal Fibroblasts From Alopecia Areata Mice
PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 may not effectively control immune activation in alopecia areata.
research CD80CD86 Deficiency Disrupts Regulatory CD4+FoxP3+ T Cell Homeostasis and Induces Autoimmune-Like Alopecia
CD80CD86 deficiency causes hair loss by disrupting regulatory T cells.
research Human Dermal Vδ1+ T-Cells Recognize Stressed Hair Follicles and May Induce Alopecia Areata
Certain immune cells may cause hair loss by reacting to stressed hair follicles.
research Immune-Related Alopecia (Areata and Universalis) in Cancer Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors may develop alopecia, but some hair regrowth is possible with treatment.
research A Guide to Studying Human Hair Follicle Cycling In Vivo
The document provides a method to classify human hair growth stages using a model with human scalp on mice, aiming to standardize hair research.
research Alopecia Areata Profiling Shows TH1, TH2, and IL-23 Cytokine Activation Without Parallel TH17/TH22 Skewing
Alopecia areata involves immune activation in the scalp, suggesting treatments targeting TH1, TH2, and IL-23 pathways.
research Imbalance of T-Helper 17 and Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Alopecia Areata
People with alopecia areata have more Th17 cells and fewer Treg cells, which may be key to the condition's development.
research Treatment of Alopecia Areata With Topical Sensitizers
Topical immunotherapy is the best treatment for severe alopecia areata.
research Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Alopecia Areata: Missing Link?
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are a key factor in causing hair loss in alopecia areata and could help differentiate it from other hair loss conditions.
research Macrophages Contribute to the Cyclic Activation of Adult Hair Follicle Stem Cells
Macrophages help activate hair follicle stem cells, affecting hair growth and skin repair.
research Alopecia Areata Is Driven by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Is Reversed by JAK Inhibition
Alopecia areata can be reversed by JAK inhibitors, promoting hair regrowth.
research The Role of Hair Follicle Immune Privilege Collapse in Alopecia Areata: Status and Perspectives
Alopecia areata may be treated by restoring hair follicle immune privilege and adjusting immune responses.
research A New Humanized Mouse Model For Alopecia Areata
A new mouse model helps understand and find treatments for alopecia areata.
research Microenvironmental Reprogramming by Three-Dimensional Culture Enables Dermal Papilla Cells to Induce De Novo Human Hair-Follicle Growth
Growing human skin cells in a 3D environment can stimulate new hair growth.
research Tolerance Induction by Hair-Specific Keratins in Murine Alopecia Areata
Nonimmunogenic forms of keratins K71 and K31 can delay and prevent alopecia areata.
research Equine Alopecia Areata: A Retrospective Clinical Descriptive Study at the University of California, Davis (1980–2011)
Horse alopecia areata is rare and mainly affects their appearance.
research Skin And Hair On-A-Chip: In Vitro Skin Models Versus Ex Vivo Tissue Maintenance With Dynamic Perfusion
The Multi-Organ-Chip improves the growth and quality of skin and hair in the lab, potentially replacing animal testing.
research Autoimmune Disease Induction in a Healthy Human Organ: A Humanized Mouse Model of Alopecia Areata
Alopecia areata can be triggered by specific immune cells without genetic or environmental factors.
research Alopecia Areata: An Autoimmune Disease Causing Hair Loss
Alopecia Areata is an autoimmune condition causing hair loss with no cure and treatments that often don't work well.
research Mediator1: An Important Intermediary of Vitamin D Receptor-Regulated Epidermal Function and Hair Follicle Biology
Vitamin D receptor and mediator 1 are crucial for healthy skin and hair growth.
research Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) May Award Relative Protection from Interferon-γ-Induced Collapse of Human Hair Follicle Immune Privilege
CGRP may help protect hair follicles from immune system attacks, potentially slowing hair loss.
research Incorporation of Hair Follicles in 3D Bioprinted Models of Human Skin
3D bioprinting can now create skin with hair-like structures for medical use.
research Involvement of the Bulge Region with Decreased Expression of Hair Follicle Stem Cell Markers in Senile Female Cases of Alopecia Areata
Decreased CD200 in hair follicles may cause immune issues in some alopecia areata cases.
research Transcriptional Profiling in Alopecia Areata Defines Immune and Cell Cycle Control Related Genes Within Disease-Specific Signatures
The study found that immune responses disrupt hair growth cycles, causing hair loss in alopecia areata.
research Genome-Wide Association Study in Alopecia Areata Implicates Both Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Alopecia areata involves both innate and adaptive immunity, with specific genes linked to the disease.
research Heat Treatment Increases the Incidence of Alopecia Areata in the C3H/HeJ Mouse Model
Heat treatment increases hair loss in certain mice.
research Beta-Catenin Activity in the Dermal Papilla Regulates Morphogenesis and Regeneration of Hair
β-catenin in the dermal papilla is crucial for normal hair growth and repair.
research Melanocytes: A Possible Autoimmune Target in Alopecia Areata
Melanocytes might be targeted by the immune system in people with alopecia areata, but more research is needed.
research Modulation of Chemotherapy-Induced Human Hair Follicle Damage by 17-Beta Estradiol and Prednisolone: Potential Stimulators of Normal Hair Regrowth by Dystrophic Catagen Promotion?
17-β estradiol and prednisolone may speed up hair regrowth after chemotherapy.
research Complex Hair Cycle Domain Patterns and Regenerative Hair Waves in Living Rodents
Mice hair growth patterns get more complex with age and can change with events like pregnancy or injury.
research Probing the Effects of Stress Mediators on the Human Hair Follicle
Stress-related substance P may lead to hair loss and negatively affect hair growth.
research Dissecting the Impact of Chemotherapy on the Human Hair Follicle
Chemotherapy damages hair follicles, causing hair loss and other cellular changes.
research Alopecia Areata in a Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta)
The monkey's hair loss was due to an autoimmune disease, not genetics.
research Failure to Induce Alopecia Areata in C3H/HeJ Mice with Exogenous Interferon Gamma
Interferon gamma alone can't cause alopecia areata in C3H/HeJ mice.
research Human Hair Follicles Display a Functional Equivalent of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Synthesize Cortisol
Human hair follicles can produce cortisol like the body's stress response system.
research 308-Nm Excimer Laser Therapy in Alopecia Areata
The 308-nm excimer laser helps hair regrowth in some alopecia areata cases but not all.
research Limitations of Human Occipital Scalp Hair Follicle Organ Culture for Studying the Effects of Minoxidil as a Hair Growth Enhancer
Scalp hair follicle culture has limits for testing minoxidil's hair growth effects.
research Alopecia Areata in C3H/HeJ Mice Involves Leukocyte-Mediated Root Sheath Disruption in Advance of Overt Hair Loss
Hair loss in mice starts with immune cells damaging hair roots before it becomes visible.
research Gene Array Profiling and Immunomodulation Studies Define a Cell-Mediated Immune Response Underlying the Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata in a Mouse Model and Humans
Alopecia areata is caused by an immune response, and targeting immune cells might help treat it.
research Hair-Cycle-Associated Remodeling of the Peptidergic Innervation of Murine Skin and Hair Growth Modulation by Neuropeptides
Neuropeptides affect hair growth, with some speeding it up and others slowing it down.
research Experimental Induction of Alopecia Areata-Like Hair Loss in C3H/HeJ Mice Using Full-Thickness Skin Grafts
Skin grafts on mice can cause an immune response leading to hair loss, useful for studying human hair loss conditions.
research Ultrastructural Abnormalities in the Dermal Papillae of Lesional and Clinically Normal Follicles from Alopecia Areata Scalps
Alopecia areata affects hair follicle structure, even in non-balding areas.
research Human Hair Growth In Vitro: A Model for the Study of Hair Follicle Biology
Human hair growth can be influenced by certain growth factors and has specific metabolic needs.
research Alopecia Areata in Aging C3H/HeJ Mice
Alopecia areata in these mice is inherited, more common in young females, and can be treated with triamcinolone acetonide.
research Failure of Passive Transfer of Serum From Patients With Alopecia Areata and Alopecia Universalis to Inhibit Hair Growth in Transplants of Human Scalp Skin Grafted Onto Nude Mice
Serum from alopecia patients does not stop hair growth in grafted skin on mice.
research Expression of Extracellular Matrix in Hair Follicle Mesenchyme in Alopecia Areata
Alopecia areata may involve disrupted mesenchymal function in hair follicles.
research Human Hair Growth In Vitro
Human hair follicles can grow in a lab setting.
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