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GlossaryForkhead box proteins

transcription factors regulating gene expression in various processes

Forkhead box proteins, often abbreviated as FOX proteins, are a family of transcription factors that play crucial roles in regulating the expression of genes involved in various biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and longevity. They are named for their distinct DNA-binding domain, which resembles the shape of a forkhead. These proteins are essential for normal development and function, and mutations in FOX genes can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer and developmental disorders.

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Skin Expression of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Forkhead Box Transcription Factor O1, and Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Patients with Acne Vulgaris and Their Relationship with Diet

research Skin expression of mammalian target of rapamycin and forkhead box transcription factor O1, and serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 in patients with acne vulgaris and their relationship with diet

93 citations , January 2016 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Eating a high-glycemic diet may worsen acne by increasing certain protein levels and expressions in the skin.

research Compound Heterozygous Mutations in Forkhead Box N1 (FOXN1) Lead to a Severe Immunodeficiency but Normal Hair and Nail Development in Patients

May 2018 in “The journal of immunology/The Journal of immunology”

Mutations in the FOXN1 gene cause severe immune issues but don't affect hair and nails.

research Transcriptional Governance of Hair Follicle Stem Cell Quiescence and Niche Maintenance in Long-Term Tissue Regeneration

September 2025 in “Digital Commons - RU (Rockefeller University)”

FOXC1 is essential for keeping hair follicle stem cells inactive and maintaining their environment for healthy hair growth.

research Case Series: Gene Expression Analysis in Canine Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada/Uveodermatologic Syndrome and Vitiligo Reveals Conserved Immunopathogenesis Pathways Between Dog and Human Autoimmune Pigmentary Disorders

20 citations , December 2020 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

The immune processes causing VKH and vitiligo are similar in dogs and humans.

research Patients with Compound Heterozygous Mutations in Forkhead Box N1 have a Severe Immunodeficiency while Maintaining Normal Skin and Hair Development

May 2017 in “The journal of immunology/The Journal of immunology”

Patients with certain FoxN1 gene mutations have severe immune issues but normal skin and hair.

research Elastogenesis Stimulation by Minoxidil or Nebivolol Reduces Premature Aging of the Aortic Wall in Diabetic Mice

April 2024

Minoxidil and nebivolol can help prevent aortic aging in diabetic mice.

research 321 Deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase 2 in FoxD1-lineage mesenchymal cells leads to congenital truncal alopecia

1 citations , October 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Removing HIF-P4H-2 from certain skin cells in mice causes hair loss on the body but not the head.

research FOXN1: A Master Regulator Gene of Thymic Epithelial Development Program

69 citations , January 2013 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

The FOXN1 gene is crucial for developing immune cells and preventing immune disorders.

research The clock gene brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (BMAL1) is involved in hair growth

9 citations , August 2013 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

A gene called BMAL1 plays a role in controlling hair growth.

The Possible Implication of the S250C Variant of the Autoimmune Regulator Protein in a Patient with Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency: In Silico Analysis Suggests a Molecular Pathogenic Mechanism for the Variant

research The possible implication of the S250C variant of the autoimmune regulator protein in a patient with autoimmunity and immunodeficiency: in silico analysis suggests a molecular pathogenic mechanism for the variant

11 citations , July 2014 in “Gene”

The S250C variant in a gene may cause autoimmunity and immunodeficiency by impairing protein function.

research Linking diet to acne metabolomics, inflammation, and comedogenesis: an update

138 citations , July 2015 in “Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology”

Eating less sugar, milk, and saturated fats and more vegetables and fish may help treat and prevent acne.

An Intrinsic Oscillation of Gene Networks Inside Hair Follicle Stem Cells: An Additional Layer That Can Modulate Hair Stem Cell Activities

research An Intrinsic Oscillation of Gene Networks Inside Hair Follicle Stem Cells: An Additional Layer That Can Modulate Hair Stem Cell Activities

23 citations , December 2020 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

Gene network oscillations inside hair stem cells are key for hair growth regulation and could help treat hair loss.

research A comparison of transcriptomic patterns measured in the skin of Chinese fine and coarse wool sheep breeds

17 citations , October 2017 in “Scientific reports”

Fine wool sheep have more genes for wool quality, while coarse wool sheep have more for skin and muscle traits.

research Highly Upregulated Lhx2 in the Foxn1−/− Nude Mouse Phenotype Reflects a Dysregulated and Expanded Epidermal Stem Cell Niche

6 citations , May 2013 in “PloS one”

The Foxn1(-/-) nude mouse shows disrupted and expanded skin stem cell areas due to high Lhx2 levels.

Alopecia Areata Susceptibility Variant Identified by MHC Risk Haplotype Sequencing Reproduces Symptomatic Patched Hair Loss in Mice

research Alopecia areata susceptibility variant identified by MHC risk haplotype sequencing reproduces symptomatic patched hair loss in mice

April 2018 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

A gene variant causes patched hair loss in mice, similar to alopecia areata in humans.

research Large Scale Gene Expression Profiles of Regenerating Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia

77 citations , June 2007 in “PLoS ONE”

Birds can regenerate inner ear cells using specific gene pathways, unlike mammals.

research Morpho-Regulation of Ectodermal Organs

131 citations , March 2004 in “The American journal of pathology”

Modulating BMP activity changes the number, size, shape, and type of ectodermal organs.

Risk Factors, Prevalence, and Diagnosis of Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome with Special Reference to Case Reports

research RISK FACTORS, PREVALENCE AND DIAGNOSIS OF HUTCHISON GILFORD SYNDROME WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CASE REPORTS

2 citations , May 2017 in “International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences/International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences”

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by a specific gene mutation, characterized by aging symptoms and managed by monitoring heart health and using low-dose aspirin.

Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis

research Transforming growth factor-β in stem cells and tissue homeostasis

245 citations , January 2018 in “Bone Research”

TGF-β is crucial for tissue repair and can cause diseases if not properly regulated.

research Apoptosis May Explain the Pharmacological Mode of Action and Adverse Effects of Isotretinoin, Including Teratogenicity

66 citations , January 2017 in “Acta dermato-venereologica”

Isotretinoin's effects and side effects, like birth defects and depression, might be due to it causing cell death in various cells.

research Factors regulating quiescent stem cells: insights from the intestine and other self-renewing tissues

8 citations , December 2015 in “The Journal of Physiology”

The document concludes that stem cell inactivity is actively controlled and important for tissue repair and balance.

research Vpliv prehrane na pojavnost aken

August 2023 in “Repository of the University of Primorsk (University of Primorska)”

A Western diet may increase acne risk, while a Mediterranean diet and certain supplements can help reduce it.

research Acne

2 citations , May 2011 in “Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology”

Acne is a common skin condition linked to diet, hormones, and genetics, and early treatment can prevent scarring.

research Keratin K15 as a Biomarker of Epidermal Stem Cells

85 citations , September 2013 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Keratin 15 is not a reliable sole marker for identifying epidermal stem cells because it's found in various cell types.

research A preliminary study of differentially expressed genes in expanded skin and normal skin: implications for adult skin regeneration

16 citations , January 2011 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

The study found that expanded skin regenerates similarly to normal skin, with 77 genes playing a role in the process.

research Mouse Hair Cycle Expression Dynamics Modeled as Coupled Mesenchymal and Epithelial Oscillators

12 citations , November 2014 in “PLOS Computational Biology”

The study concluded that hair growth in mice is regulated by a stable interaction between skin cell types, and disrupting this can cause hair loss.

The Critical Roles of Serum/Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 3 (SGK3) in Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Homeostasis

research The Critical Roles of Serum/Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 3 (SGK3) in the Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Homeostasis

9 citations , April 2006 in “American Journal of Pathology”

SGK3 is essential for proper hair growth and health.

research Precision therapeutics in non-scarring alopecia: a systemic genomic and pathway-based framework for targeted interventions

December 2025 in “ADMET & DMPK”

Personalized treatments for hair loss focus on specific genetic and biological pathways.

Multi-Ancestry Tandem Repeat Association Study of Hair Color Using Exome-Wide Sequencing

research Multi-ancestry tandem repeat association study of hair colour using exome-wide sequencing

February 2024 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Tandem repeats significantly influence hair color, especially darker shades, across different ancestries.

In Ovo Injection of CHIR-99021 Promotes Feather Follicle Development via Modulating the Wnt Signaling Pathway and Transcriptome in Goose Embryos

research In Ovo Injection of CHIR-99021 Promotes Feather Follicle Development via Modulating the Wnt Signaling Pathway and Transcriptome in Goose Embryos (Anser cygnoides)

6 citations , May 2022 in “Frontiers in physiology”

Injecting CHIR-99021 into goose embryos improves feather growth by changing gene activity and energy processes.